Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a biologically aggressive subtype characterized by the absence of hormone receptors and HER2 amplification. It represents approximately 10–15% of breast cancer diagnoses and is associated with a high risk of recurrence and a poor prognosis. In early-stage breast cancer, the introduction of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with immunotherapy has improved clinical outcomes, but the indication remains limited to patients with cT1c cN1–N2 or cT2–4 cN0–N2 (stages II–III), while stage I patients are generally referred for upfront surgery with possible adjuvant therapy. In this context, the accuracy of clinical and radiological staging plays a crucial role: underestimating tumor extension can result in pathological upstaging and, for some patients, lead to the loss of access to potentially prognosis-altering therapeutic strategies, such as immunotherapy. Study Purpose: To evaluate the concordance between clinical and pathological staging in a cohort of patients with early-stage TNBC undergoing upfront surgery, quantifying the frequency and nature of discrepancies. Secondary objectives included the analysis of parameters responsible for stage variations (tumor size and lymph node status) and the identification of any associated clinico-biological factors, such as BRCA mutation and time of diagnosis. Materials and Methods: Observational, retrospective, single-center study at the IOV IRCCS in Padua. Patients with a histological diagnosis of early-stage TNBC undergoing upfront surgery without neoadjuvant chemotherapy were included. Clinico-pathological data were collected for each patient: demographics, pre- and post-operative imaging and histology, clinical and pathological TNM, grade, Ki-67, adjuvant treatments, oncological family history, and BRCA status. Statistical analysis assessed the concordance between clinical and pathological staging and the frequency of stage migration; comparison between clinical and pathological tumor size was performed with the Wilcoxon test for paired samples. Associations with clinical-biological variables were analyzed with the Chi-square test or, if appropriate, with the Fisher exact test (p ≤ 0.05). Results: 176 patients with TNBC who underwent upfront surgery were included; comparison between clinical and pathological stage was possible in 174 cases. Overall concordance was 79.0%, with upstage in 16.5% and downstage in 3.5%. The parameter N was the main factor responsible for discrepancies (17.6%), while T showed variations in 13.8%. The comparison between cT and pT showed a significant clinical underestimation of tumor size (median change −0.1 cm, p<0.05), also confirmed in the cN0pN0 subgroup. Among patients with lymph node concordance (cN0pN0), 12 patients clinically classified as T1 (≤2 cm) were found to be T2 (>2 cm) at histology. The frequency of upstaging was higher before 2024 (16.1% vs 0.6%), with no statistically significant differences. No significant associations with BRCA status emerged. Conclusions: The study highlighted an incomplete concordance between clinical and pathological staging in early-stage TNBC, with a non-negligible rate of stage migration, predominantly towards more advanced stages. Both T and N parameters contributed to upstaging. These data have significant clinical implications, as accurate staging is essential to access innovative therapeutic strategies such as neoadjuvant immunotherapy. Despite the limitations of a retrospective, single-center study, the results contribute to filling a gap in the literature and support the need for prospective studies aimed at improving the accuracy of clinical staging.
Presupposti dello studio: Il carcinoma mammario triplo negativo (TNBC) è un sottotipo biologicamente aggressivo, caratterizzato dall’assenza di recettori ormonali e di amplificazione HER2. Rappresenta circa il 10–15% delle diagnosi di carcinoma mammario ed è associato a elevato rischio di recidiva e prognosi sfavorevole. Nello stadio precoce, l'introduzione della chemioterapia neoadiuvante con immunoterapia ha migliorato gli esiti clinici, ma l’indicazione resta limitata a pazienti con cT1c cN1–N2 o cT2–4 cN0–N2 (stadi II–III), mentre le pazienti in stadio I vengono generalmente avviate a chirurgia upfront con eventuale adiuvante. In questo contesto, l’accuratezza della stadiazione clinico-radiologica assume un ruolo cruciale: una sottostima dell’estensione tumorale può tradursi in upstage patologico e determinare, per alcune pazienti, la perdita di accesso a strategie terapeutiche potenzialmente in grado di modificarne la prognosi, come l'immunoterapia. Scopo dello studio: Valutare, in una coorte di pazienti con TNBC in stadio precoce sottoposte a chirurgia upfront, la concordanza tra stadiazione clinica e patologica, quantificandone la frequenza e la natura delle discrepanze. Obiettivi secondari hanno riguardato l’analisi dei parametri responsabili delle variazioni di stadio (dimensione tumorale e stato linfonodale) e l’identificazione di eventuali fattori clinico-biologici associati, quali la mutazione BRCA e il periodo di diagnosi. Materiali e metodi: Studio osservazionale, retrospettivo e monocentrico presso lo IOV IRCCS di Padova. Sono state incluse pazienti con diagnosi istologica di TNBC in stadio precoce sottoposte a chirurgia upfront senza chemioterapia neoadiuvante. Per ciascuna paziente sono stati raccolti i dati clinico-patologici: anagrafica, imaging e istologia pre/post-operatoria, TNM clinico e patologico, grado, Ki-67, trattamenti adiuvanti, familiarità oncologica e stato BRCA. L’analisi statistica ha valutato la concordanza tra stadiazione clinica e patologica e la frequenza di migrazione di stadio; il confronto tra le dimensioni tumorali cliniche e patologiche è stato effettuato con test di Wilcoxon per campioni appaiati. Le associazioni con variabili clinico-biologiche sono state analizzate con test del Chi-quadrato o, se appropriato, con test esatto di Fisher (p ≤ 0,05). Risultati: Sono state incluse 176 pazienti con TNBC sottoposte a chirurgia upfront; il confronto tra stadio clinico e patologico è stato possibile in 174 casi. La concordanza complessiva è risultata del 79,0%, con upstage nel 16,5% e downstage nel 3,5%. Il parametro N è stato il principale responsabile delle discrepanze (17,6%), mentre T ha mostrato variazioni nel 13,8%. Il confronto tra cT e pT ha evidenziato una sottostima clinica significativa della dimensione tumorale (variazione mediana −0,1 cm, p<0,05), confermata anche nel sottogruppo cN0pN0. Tra le pazienti con concordanza linfonodale (cN0pN0), 12 classificate clinicamente come T1 (≤2 cm) sono risultate T2 (>2 cm) all’istologia. La frequenza di upstage è stata maggiore prima del 2024 (16,1% vs 0,6%), senza differenze statisticamente significative. Non sono emerse associazioni rilevanti con lo stato BRCA. Conclusioni: Lo studio ha evidenziato una concordanza non completa tra stadiazione clinica e patologica nel TNBC in stadio precoce, con una quota non trascurabile di migrazione di stadio, prevalentemente verso stadi più avanzati. Entrambi i parametri T e N hanno contribuito all’upstage. Questi dati hanno implicazioni cliniche rilevanti, poiché una corretta definizione dello stadio è essenziale per permettere l’accesso a strategie terapeutiche innovative come l’immunoterapia neoadiuvante. Pur nei limiti di uno studio retrospettivo e monocentrico, i risultati ottenuti contribuiscono a colmare una lacuna della letteratura e supportano la necessità di studi prospettici volti a migliorare l’accuratezza della stadiazione clinica.
Concordanza tra stadio clinico e patologico in pazienti con carcinoma mammario triplo negativo sottoposte a chirurgia upfront: studio retrospettivo monocentrico.
MORUZZI, CARLOTTA
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a biologically aggressive subtype characterized by the absence of hormone receptors and HER2 amplification. It represents approximately 10–15% of breast cancer diagnoses and is associated with a high risk of recurrence and a poor prognosis. In early-stage breast cancer, the introduction of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with immunotherapy has improved clinical outcomes, but the indication remains limited to patients with cT1c cN1–N2 or cT2–4 cN0–N2 (stages II–III), while stage I patients are generally referred for upfront surgery with possible adjuvant therapy. In this context, the accuracy of clinical and radiological staging plays a crucial role: underestimating tumor extension can result in pathological upstaging and, for some patients, lead to the loss of access to potentially prognosis-altering therapeutic strategies, such as immunotherapy. Study Purpose: To evaluate the concordance between clinical and pathological staging in a cohort of patients with early-stage TNBC undergoing upfront surgery, quantifying the frequency and nature of discrepancies. Secondary objectives included the analysis of parameters responsible for stage variations (tumor size and lymph node status) and the identification of any associated clinico-biological factors, such as BRCA mutation and time of diagnosis. Materials and Methods: Observational, retrospective, single-center study at the IOV IRCCS in Padua. Patients with a histological diagnosis of early-stage TNBC undergoing upfront surgery without neoadjuvant chemotherapy were included. Clinico-pathological data were collected for each patient: demographics, pre- and post-operative imaging and histology, clinical and pathological TNM, grade, Ki-67, adjuvant treatments, oncological family history, and BRCA status. Statistical analysis assessed the concordance between clinical and pathological staging and the frequency of stage migration; comparison between clinical and pathological tumor size was performed with the Wilcoxon test for paired samples. Associations with clinical-biological variables were analyzed with the Chi-square test or, if appropriate, with the Fisher exact test (p ≤ 0.05). Results: 176 patients with TNBC who underwent upfront surgery were included; comparison between clinical and pathological stage was possible in 174 cases. Overall concordance was 79.0%, with upstage in 16.5% and downstage in 3.5%. The parameter N was the main factor responsible for discrepancies (17.6%), while T showed variations in 13.8%. The comparison between cT and pT showed a significant clinical underestimation of tumor size (median change −0.1 cm, p<0.05), also confirmed in the cN0pN0 subgroup. Among patients with lymph node concordance (cN0pN0), 12 patients clinically classified as T1 (≤2 cm) were found to be T2 (>2 cm) at histology. The frequency of upstaging was higher before 2024 (16.1% vs 0.6%), with no statistically significant differences. No significant associations with BRCA status emerged. Conclusions: The study highlighted an incomplete concordance between clinical and pathological staging in early-stage TNBC, with a non-negligible rate of stage migration, predominantly towards more advanced stages. Both T and N parameters contributed to upstaging. These data have significant clinical implications, as accurate staging is essential to access innovative therapeutic strategies such as neoadjuvant immunotherapy. Despite the limitations of a retrospective, single-center study, the results contribute to filling a gap in the literature and support the need for prospective studies aimed at improving the accuracy of clinical staging.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/93453