Background. Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a genetically determined disease of the heart muscle, characterized by the progressive replacement of myocardial tissue with fibro-fatty tissue, which compromises the normal function of the heart and promotes the onset of potentially fatal arrhythmic events (LTVAs). Continuous advances in the understanding of genotype–phenotype relationships in ACM are contributing to the development of increasingly targeted diagnostic and risk stratification strategies, taking into account not only arrhythmic risk but also progression toward heart failure (HF). In this context, mutations in the DSG2 gene represent a genetic subgroup of particular clinical relevance, both for their relative frequency and for their association with more severe phenotypic forms. Aims. The study aims to characterize arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy associated with DSG2 gene mutations, by analyzing its clinical presentation, phenotypic expression, and predictors of adverse events. Materials and Methods. Clinical and genetic data from patients carrying pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants of the DSG2 gene were integrated with individual data extracted from previously published case series. Demographic variables, clinical history, phenotypic manifestations, and outcomes during follow-up were harmonized and analyzed. Results. The total cohort included 202 patients, of whom 39.6% (n=80) belonged to the Padua group and 60.4% (n=122) were derived from literature-based populations. Males accounted for 64.8% of the cohort, and 60.9% were probands. The most common clinical presentation (25.8% of cases) was LTVAs. Most patients exhibited a right-dominant phenotype (38.12%) or a biventricular phenotype (31.19%), while 7.92% presented with a left-dominant form. After a median follow-up of 92.8 months, 35.3% of patients experienced LTVAs and 10.9% developed heart failure. Patients with LTVAs exhibited more severe right ventricular dysfunction, whereas those who developed HF showed biventricular involvement. Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) on Holter monitoring emerged as the only independent predictor of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Conclusions. DSG2-related ACM is characterized by a high arrhythmic burden, both at clinical onset and during follow-up. The occurrence of LTVAs during follow-up is predominantly associated with right ventricular involvement, whereas HF development is linked to biventricular involvement. NSVT represents an independent predictor of MACE, supporting its role in early risk stratification.
Presupposti dello studio. La Cardiomiopatia Aritmogena (ACM) è una malattia geneticamente determinata del muscolo cardiaco, caratterizzata dalla progressiva sostituzione del tessuto miocardico con tessuto fibro-adiposo, che compromette la normale funzione del cuore e favorisce l'insorgenza di eventi aritmici potenzialmente fatali (LTVAs). I continui progressi nella comprensione delle relazioni tra genotipo e fenotipo nella ACM stanno contribuendo allo sviluppo di strategie diagnostiche e di stratificazione del rischio sempre più mirate, che considerino non solo il rischio aritmico ma anche l’evoluzione verso lo scompenso cardiaco (HF). In questo contesto, le mutazioni del gene Desmogleina 2 (DSG2) costituiscono un sottogruppo genetico di particolare rilevanza clinica, sia per la loro frequenza relativa sia per l’associazione con forme fenotipiche di maggiore gravità. Scopo dello studio. Lo studio si propone di caratterizzare la Cardiomiopatia Aritmogena associata a mutazioni del gene DSG2, analizzandone la presentazione clinica, l’espressione fenotipica e i predittori di eventi avversi. Materiali e metodi. I dati clinici e genetici dei pazienti portatori di varianti patogenetiche o verosimilmente patogenetiche del gene DSG2 sono stati integrati con dati singoli estratti da casistiche precedentemente pubblicate in letteratura. Le variabili demografiche, la storia clinica, le manifestazioni fenotipiche e gli eventi durante il follow-up sono stati analizzati. Risultati. La coorte totale ha incluso 202 pazienti, di cui il 39,6% (n=80) del gruppo di Padova e il 60,4% (n=122) provenienti da una popolazione derivata dalla letteratura, il 64,8% della popolazione era di sesso maschile e il 60,9% erano probandi. L’esordio clinico più comune (25,8% dei casi) sono risultate essere aritmie ventricolari pericolose per la vita (life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias: LTVAs). La maggior parte dei pazienti ha mostrato un fenotipo a dominanza destra (38,12%) o biventricolare (31,19%), mentre il 7,92% una forma a dominanza sinistra. Dopo un follow-up mediano di 92,8 mesi, il 35,3% dei pazienti ha sperimentato LTVAs e il 10,9% ha sviluppato scompenso cardiaco. I pazienti con LTVAs presentavano una disfunzione ventricolare destra più severa, mentre quelli che hanno sviluppato HF mostravano un coinvolgimento biventricolare della malattia. La tachicardia ventricolare non sostenuta (NSVT) al monitoraggio Holter è risultata essere l’unico predittore indipendente di eventi cardiovascolari maggiori (major adverse cardiovascular events: MACE). Conclusioni. L’ACM correlata a mutazioni di DSG2 è caratterizzata da un elevato burden aritmico, sia all’esordio clinico sia durante il follow-up. La presenza di LTVAs durante il follow-up è associata prevalentemente a un coinvolgimento del ventricolo destro, mentre lo sviluppo di HF a un coinvolgimento biventricolare. La NSVT rappresenta un predittore indipendente di MACE, sostenendo il suo ruolo nella stratificazione precoce del rischio.
Spettro Fenotipico e Stratificazione Prognostica nella Cardiomiopatia Aritmogena Associata alla Desmogleina-2: Risultati di un'Analisi Combinata.
LEVORATO, GIULIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Background. Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a genetically determined disease of the heart muscle, characterized by the progressive replacement of myocardial tissue with fibro-fatty tissue, which compromises the normal function of the heart and promotes the onset of potentially fatal arrhythmic events (LTVAs). Continuous advances in the understanding of genotype–phenotype relationships in ACM are contributing to the development of increasingly targeted diagnostic and risk stratification strategies, taking into account not only arrhythmic risk but also progression toward heart failure (HF). In this context, mutations in the DSG2 gene represent a genetic subgroup of particular clinical relevance, both for their relative frequency and for their association with more severe phenotypic forms. Aims. The study aims to characterize arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy associated with DSG2 gene mutations, by analyzing its clinical presentation, phenotypic expression, and predictors of adverse events. Materials and Methods. Clinical and genetic data from patients carrying pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants of the DSG2 gene were integrated with individual data extracted from previously published case series. Demographic variables, clinical history, phenotypic manifestations, and outcomes during follow-up were harmonized and analyzed. Results. The total cohort included 202 patients, of whom 39.6% (n=80) belonged to the Padua group and 60.4% (n=122) were derived from literature-based populations. Males accounted for 64.8% of the cohort, and 60.9% were probands. The most common clinical presentation (25.8% of cases) was LTVAs. Most patients exhibited a right-dominant phenotype (38.12%) or a biventricular phenotype (31.19%), while 7.92% presented with a left-dominant form. After a median follow-up of 92.8 months, 35.3% of patients experienced LTVAs and 10.9% developed heart failure. Patients with LTVAs exhibited more severe right ventricular dysfunction, whereas those who developed HF showed biventricular involvement. Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) on Holter monitoring emerged as the only independent predictor of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Conclusions. DSG2-related ACM is characterized by a high arrhythmic burden, both at clinical onset and during follow-up. The occurrence of LTVAs during follow-up is predominantly associated with right ventricular involvement, whereas HF development is linked to biventricular involvement. NSVT represents an independent predictor of MACE, supporting its role in early risk stratification.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/93752