BACKGROUND: Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy (AC) is a genetic disease characterized by myocyte necrosis followed by replacement of the right and/or left ventricular myocardium with fibrous or fibro-fatty tissue. This process can lead to arrhythmic events, including life-threatening ones, as well as a progressive reduction of ventricular systolic function, which in some cases results in refractory heart failure with indication for heart transplantation. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a functional test that allows an integrated assessment of pulmonary, cardiovascular, hematopoietic, neuropsychological, and muscular adaptations during maximal effort (using treadmill or cycle ergometer). AIM OF THE STUDY: The primary aim of the study is to evaluate the correlation between the phenotypic aspects of the disease and CPET parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective cross-sectional observational study involving 62 patients with a diagnosis of AC who had performed at least one CPET. Subjects were divided into two groups based on the degree of right and left ventricular dysfunction (right-dominant and biventricular forms). Left-dominant forms were excluded due to their limited number. Upon obtaining informed consent, a database was created including demographic, anamnestic, clinical, echocardiographic and CPET variables. Descriptive analysis considered mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range for continuous variables, and absolute frequency and percentage for dichotomous and ordinal variables. Statistical significance was set at p < 0,05. The Shapiro-Wilks test was used to verify the normality of continuous variables. The first analysis aimed to identify significant differences between the two groups (right vs. biventricular) in terms of mean values of continuous variables and frequencies of dichotomous or ordinal variables. Subsequently, within each group, statistically significant correlations among the different variables were investigated. RESULTS: Analyses showed better CPET performance in the group of AC patients with right-dominant phenotype, as expected considering the lesser involvement of left heart chambers. Multiple correlations emerged between anamnestic, echocardiographic and CPET variables, some consistent with the pathophysiology of the disease, others less clear and deserving of further investigation. CONCLUSIONS: In AC patients, CPET performed in a specialized center does not imply clinical risk and provides qualitative assessments. The data obtained from this test are useful for better patient characterization and management, supporting the recommendation for periodic execution of CPET in order to improve patient care.
PRESUPPOSTI DELLO STUDIO: La Cardiomiopatia Aritmogena (AC) è una malattia genetica caratterizzata da necrosi miocitaria seguita da sostituzione del miocardio ventricolare destro e/o sinistro con tessuto fibroso o fibro-adiposo. Tale processo può determinare eventi aritmici anche letali e una progressiva riduzione della funzione sistolica ventricolare, che in alcuni casi determina scompenso cardiaco refrattario con indicazione a trapianto cardiaco. Il test cardiopolmonare (CPET) è un test funzionale che consente una valutazione integrata degli adattamenti polmonari, cardiovascolari, ematopoietici, neuropsicologici e muscolari durante sforzo massimale (tramite treadmill o cicloergometro). SCOPO DELLO STUDIO: L’obiettivo principale dello studio è valutare la correlazione tra gli aspetti fenotipici della malattia e i parametri del CPET. MATERIALI E METODI: Si tratta di uno studio osservazionale retrospettivo cross-sectional che ha riguardato 62 pazienti con diagnosi di AC che avevano eseguito almeno un CPET. I soggetti sono stati suddivisi in due gruppi in base al grado di disfunzione ventricolare destra e sinistra (forme destre e biventricolari). Le forme sinistre sono state escluse per esiguità numerica. Previo consenso informato è stato creato un database comprendente variabili demografiche, anamnestiche, cliniche, ecocardiografiche e del CPET. L’analisi descrittiva ha preso in considerazione media e deviazione standard o mediana e intervallo interquartile per le variabili continue, mentre frequenza assoluta e percentuale per le dicotomiche e le ordinali. Le analisi statistiche sono state condotte considerando significativo un valore di p < 0,05. Per verificare la normalità delle variabili continue è stato utilizzato il test di Shapiro-Wilks. La prima indagine condotta è stata finalizzata all’individuazione di differenze significative tra i due gruppi (Dx e Biv) in merito ai valori medi delle variabili continue o nelle frequenze delle variabili dicotomiche e ordinali. Successivamente, considerando singolarmente i due gruppi, sono state ricercate correlazioni statisticamente significative tra le diverse variabili. RISULTATI: Le analisi hanno documentato migliori performance al CPET nel gruppo di pazienti affetti da AC con fenotipo dominante destro, come prevedibile dato il minor coinvolgimento delle camere cardiache sinistre. Sono emerse correlazioni multiple tra variabili anamnestiche, ecocardiografiche e del CPET, alcune coerenti con la fisiopatologia della malattia, altre meno nette e meritevoli di futuri approfondimenti. CONCLUSIONI: Nei soggetti con AC l’esame CPET eseguito in un centro specialistico non comporta rischio clinico per i pazienti e permette esami qualitativi. I dati forniti da tale indagine risultano utili per un miglior inquadramento e una migliore gestione del paziente; questo presuppone l’indicazione all’esecuzione periodica di tale test al fine di migliorare la cura del paziente.
Ruolo del test cardiopolmonare nella fenotipizzazione della Cardiomiopatia Aritmogena
SEGATO, PIETRO
2024/2025
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy (AC) is a genetic disease characterized by myocyte necrosis followed by replacement of the right and/or left ventricular myocardium with fibrous or fibro-fatty tissue. This process can lead to arrhythmic events, including life-threatening ones, as well as a progressive reduction of ventricular systolic function, which in some cases results in refractory heart failure with indication for heart transplantation. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a functional test that allows an integrated assessment of pulmonary, cardiovascular, hematopoietic, neuropsychological, and muscular adaptations during maximal effort (using treadmill or cycle ergometer). AIM OF THE STUDY: The primary aim of the study is to evaluate the correlation between the phenotypic aspects of the disease and CPET parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective cross-sectional observational study involving 62 patients with a diagnosis of AC who had performed at least one CPET. Subjects were divided into two groups based on the degree of right and left ventricular dysfunction (right-dominant and biventricular forms). Left-dominant forms were excluded due to their limited number. Upon obtaining informed consent, a database was created including demographic, anamnestic, clinical, echocardiographic and CPET variables. Descriptive analysis considered mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range for continuous variables, and absolute frequency and percentage for dichotomous and ordinal variables. Statistical significance was set at p < 0,05. The Shapiro-Wilks test was used to verify the normality of continuous variables. The first analysis aimed to identify significant differences between the two groups (right vs. biventricular) in terms of mean values of continuous variables and frequencies of dichotomous or ordinal variables. Subsequently, within each group, statistically significant correlations among the different variables were investigated. RESULTS: Analyses showed better CPET performance in the group of AC patients with right-dominant phenotype, as expected considering the lesser involvement of left heart chambers. Multiple correlations emerged between anamnestic, echocardiographic and CPET variables, some consistent with the pathophysiology of the disease, others less clear and deserving of further investigation. CONCLUSIONS: In AC patients, CPET performed in a specialized center does not imply clinical risk and provides qualitative assessments. The data obtained from this test are useful for better patient characterization and management, supporting the recommendation for periodic execution of CPET in order to improve patient care.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/93753