Aim of the study The aim of this study was to analyze short and long-term outcomes of lung transplant recipients who developed bronchial complications at the anastomotic sites, with particular focus on identifying significant risk factors for their onset and severity. Material and Methods This retrospective study included 72 patients who underwent bilateral lung transplantation at the Thoracic Surgery Unit of the Padua University Hospital between May 2016 and May 2024. Patients lost to follow-up or who underwent single-lung transplantation were excluded. For each case, variables regarding recipient, donor, surgical technique, postoperative complications, treatments for bronchial complications, and follow-up were collected. Statistical analysis included descriptive evaluation of the cohort, subgroup comparisons (by transplant period, treatment type, and use of marginal donors), as well as uni and multivariate analyses to identify risk factors, with survival estimates obtained using Kaplan-Meier curves. Results Of the 269 transplants performed during the study period, 72 patients (65.3% male; median age 56.5 years) developed bronchial complications. The underlying diseases were predominantly restrictive (52.8%), followed by obstructive (22.2%) and septic (18.1%) forms. A total of 41.7% of patients received organs from marginal donors; however, our analysis showed that the use of non-standard donors was not a significant risk factor for complication severity. The most frequent complications were anastomotic stenosis and malacia. Treatments included conservative approaches, endoscopic procedures (dilatation, stenting, and brachytherapy), and surgery. Patients requiring surgical treatment developed bronchial complications earlier (50% within 30 days after transplant), with a 30 day mortality rate of 21%. In 100% of transplants performed between 2020-2024, intraoperative ECMO was employed. In this group, total operative time (362 minutes) and graft ischemia duration were shorter compared with procedures from 2016-2019. Postoperative outcomes in the recent cohort were better, with reduced prolonged ECMO support, shorter ICU stays, reduced hospitalization length, lower need for CVVH, and decreased 30 day mortality (16% vs 0%). Uni and multivariate analyses did not identify variables directly associated with the severity of anastomotic bronchial complications. Conclusions Bronchial complications remain one of the main challenges in lung transplantation, significantly affecting patients’ quality of life and survival. Our findings, consistent with the literature, suggest that it is difficult to pinpoint precise risk factors predictive of complication severity. On the other hand, marginal donors remain a valid option for transplant candidates, as their use does not significantly impact complication severity or mortality. However, the expertise of the transplant center appears to influence postoperative outcomes. In our series, intraoperative ECMO support proved to be a relevant factor in improving results.
Scopo dello studio Lo scopo di questo studio è quello di analizzare gli outcomes a breve e lungo termine dei pazienti sottoposti a trapianto polmonare che hanno sviluppato complicanze bronchiali a carico delle anastomosi, con particolare attenzione all’individuazione di fattori di rischio significativi per la loro insorgenza e gravità. Materiali e metodi Lo studio retrospettivo ha incluso 72 pazienti sottoposti a trapianto polmonare bilaterale presso l’UOC di Chirurgia Toracica dell’Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova tra maggio 2016 e maggio 2024. Sono stati esclusi i pazienti persi al follow-up o sottoposti a trapianto singolo. Per ciascun caso sono state raccolte variabili relative a ricevente, donatore, tecnica chirurgica, complicanze postoperatorie, trattamenti delle complicanze bronchiali e follow-up. L’analisi statistica ha incluso descrizione del campione, confronto tra sottogruppi (per periodo di trapianto, tipo di trattamento e utilizzo di donatori marginali) e analisi uni e multivariata per l’identificazione di fattori di rischio, con stime di sopravvivenza mediante curve di Kaplan-Meier. Risultati Su 269 trapianti eseguiti nel periodo considerato, 72 pazienti (65.3% maschi; età mediana 56.5 anni) hanno sviluppato complicanze bronchiali. Le patologie di base erano prevalentemente di tipo restrittivo (52,8%), seguite da forme ostruttive (22,2%) e settiche (18,1%). Il 41,7% dei pazienti ha ricevuto organi da donatori marginali; tuttavia, dalla nostra analisi l’impiego di donatori non standard non è risultato un fattore di rischio significativo per la gravità delle complicanze. Le complicanze più frequenti sono state stenosi anastomotiche e malacia. I trattamenti hanno incluso approcci conservativi, endoscopici (dilatazioni, stenting e brachiterapia) e chirurgici. I pazienti sottoposti a trattamento chirurgico hanno sviluppato la complicanza bronchiale più precocemente (50% entro 30 giorni dal trapianto) e la mortalità a 30 giorni è stata del 21%. Nel 100% dei trapianti eseguiti negli anni 2020-2024 è stato posizione l’ECMO intraoperatorio, in questo gruppo di pazienti il tempo del trapianto (362 minuti) e quindi di ischemia del graft sono risultati inferiori rispetto alle procedure degli anni 2016-2019. Gli outcomes postoperatori (ECMO prolonged, giorni in terapia intensiva, durata degenza ospedaliera, necessità di CVVH) del periodo più recente sono risultati migliori, insieme a una ridotta mortalità a 30 giorni (16% vs 0%). Dall’analisi uni e multivariata non sono emerse variabili direttamente correlate alla gravità delle complicanze bronchiali anastomotiche. Conclusioni Le complicanze bronchiali rappresentano una delle principali criticità del trapianto polmonare, incidendo sulla qualità della vita e sulla sopravvivenza dei pazienti. I risultati del nostro studio, coerenti con la letteratura, suggeriscono come non sia facile identificare precisi fattori di rischio come predittori di gravità delle complicanze. D’altra parte, i donatori marginali rimangono una valida scelta per i pazienti che necessitano di trapianto in quanto il loro utilizzo non ha un impatto significativo sulla gravità delle complicanze e sulla mortalità. Tuttavia, è emerso che l’expertise del centro trapiantologico può avere invece un impatto sugli outcomes postoperatori. Nel nostro caso in particolare il posizionamento del supporto ECMO intraoperatorio è risultato rilevante.
Complicanze bronchiali post trapianto polmonare: analisi degli outcomes a breve e lungo termine e dei fattori di rischio
BIONDI, MARGHERITA
2024/2025
Abstract
Aim of the study The aim of this study was to analyze short and long-term outcomes of lung transplant recipients who developed bronchial complications at the anastomotic sites, with particular focus on identifying significant risk factors for their onset and severity. Material and Methods This retrospective study included 72 patients who underwent bilateral lung transplantation at the Thoracic Surgery Unit of the Padua University Hospital between May 2016 and May 2024. Patients lost to follow-up or who underwent single-lung transplantation were excluded. For each case, variables regarding recipient, donor, surgical technique, postoperative complications, treatments for bronchial complications, and follow-up were collected. Statistical analysis included descriptive evaluation of the cohort, subgroup comparisons (by transplant period, treatment type, and use of marginal donors), as well as uni and multivariate analyses to identify risk factors, with survival estimates obtained using Kaplan-Meier curves. Results Of the 269 transplants performed during the study period, 72 patients (65.3% male; median age 56.5 years) developed bronchial complications. The underlying diseases were predominantly restrictive (52.8%), followed by obstructive (22.2%) and septic (18.1%) forms. A total of 41.7% of patients received organs from marginal donors; however, our analysis showed that the use of non-standard donors was not a significant risk factor for complication severity. The most frequent complications were anastomotic stenosis and malacia. Treatments included conservative approaches, endoscopic procedures (dilatation, stenting, and brachytherapy), and surgery. Patients requiring surgical treatment developed bronchial complications earlier (50% within 30 days after transplant), with a 30 day mortality rate of 21%. In 100% of transplants performed between 2020-2024, intraoperative ECMO was employed. In this group, total operative time (362 minutes) and graft ischemia duration were shorter compared with procedures from 2016-2019. Postoperative outcomes in the recent cohort were better, with reduced prolonged ECMO support, shorter ICU stays, reduced hospitalization length, lower need for CVVH, and decreased 30 day mortality (16% vs 0%). Uni and multivariate analyses did not identify variables directly associated with the severity of anastomotic bronchial complications. Conclusions Bronchial complications remain one of the main challenges in lung transplantation, significantly affecting patients’ quality of life and survival. Our findings, consistent with the literature, suggest that it is difficult to pinpoint precise risk factors predictive of complication severity. On the other hand, marginal donors remain a valid option for transplant candidates, as their use does not significantly impact complication severity or mortality. However, the expertise of the transplant center appears to influence postoperative outcomes. In our series, intraoperative ECMO support proved to be a relevant factor in improving results.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/93754