Given their belonging to two different legal cultures, the comparison between the Italian and American systems of civil procedure is a challenge which can be faced with enhanced trust when one studies a procedural tool which is present in both. The “exception” lends itself to the purpose, as it is a fundamental defensive means of dismantling the plaintiff’s claim from either a substantive or procedural standpoint. This work chose to analyse the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and, to a limited extent, the Field Code — that is, the two most influential sets of rules of civil procedure at the federal and state level — in order to identify the regulatory aspects of the so-called defenses that are similar or different to the features of the “exceptions” as imagined by the Italian legislator, taking also into account the relevant case law in both countries. After a short explanation of the pretrial phase of American civil proceedings, the adopted comparative approach focalizes on Rule 12(b) defenses, with the aim of offering a detailed examination of them in connection with the procedural “exceptions” in our legal system. Among these defenses, the only one on the merits is failure to state a claim, which is particularly significant following the modification of the pleading standards of the complaint by the Supreme Court rulings Twombly and Iqbal, which has also questioned the opportunity of their application to affirmative defenses. This work has tried to identify by which means a defendant in an Italian civil trial could bring a similar challenge to the one raised by the defense. However, the aspect of the examined procedural tool on which the two legal systems differ the most concerns the possibility to raise it sua sponte, which is admitted in relation to some “exceptions” in the Italian context and, conversely, prohibited in the U.S. legislator’s view: nevertheless, the recent trends in American case law (even in relation to affirmative defenses) seem to suggest a shift in this approach. Through the in-depth examination of these matters, this comparative study highlights how the “exception” as a defensive tool can demonstrate the proximity between the two systems of civil procedure, notwithstanding their different legal traditions.
La comparazione tra l’ordinamento processuale civile italiano e quello statunitense, data la loro appartenenza a due famiglie giuridiche diverse, è una sfida che si può affrontare con maggior fiducia quando si studia uno strumento processuale presente in entrambi. L’eccezione, quale fondamentale mezzo di difesa che il convenuto può utilizzare per demolire la domanda avversaria sotto un profilo sostanziale o di rito, si presta a tal fine. Questo studio ha dunque scelto di analizzare le Federal Rules of Civil Procedure e, limitatamente, il Field Code, ossia i due insiemi di norme processuali civilistiche più influenti a livello federale e statale negli Stati Uniti, al fine di individuare i profili di disciplina delle cosiddette defenses che presentano affinità e contrasti con i tratti caratterizzanti le eccezioni così come configurati dal legislatore italiano, e tenendo in considerazione la giurisprudenza rilevante in entrambi i paesi. L’approccio comparatistico adottato, dopo una sintetica presentazione della fase introduttiva del processo civile americano, si focalizza in particolare sulle Rule 12(b) defenses, con l’obiettivo di offrire un confronto dettagliato con le eccezioni di rito nel nostro sistema. Tra tali defenses, l’unica di merito è failure to state a claim, di particolare significato a seguito dell’intervento da parte delle pronunce Twombly e Iqbal della Corte Suprema sui requisiti dell’atto introduttivo di una causa civile, che ha posto dei dubbi sull’applicabilità degli stessi anche alle affirmative defenses; il presente studio ha cercato di individuare in quali modalità un convenuto in un processo italiano possa muovere una simile contestazione a quella incarnata da tale eccezione. L’aspetto dello strumento difensivo in esame che differisce maggiormente tra i due modelli concerne però la possibilità della sua rilevabilità d’ufficio, ammessa per determinate eccezioni nel contesto italiano e, al contrario, esclusa nell’idea del legislatore statunitense: le recenti tendenze della giurisprudenza americana (anche nei confronti delle affirmative defenses) sembrano dimostrare però un cambio di direzione. Attraverso l’approfondimento di questi profili, l'indagine comparatistica evidenzia come il mezzo dell’eccezione sia in grado di dimostrare la vicinanza tra i due ordinamenti processuali civili, nonostante la loro differente tradizione giuridica.
Le eccezioni nel sistema processuale statunitense: un'indagine comparata
CASAGRANDE, ENRICO
2024/2025
Abstract
Given their belonging to two different legal cultures, the comparison between the Italian and American systems of civil procedure is a challenge which can be faced with enhanced trust when one studies a procedural tool which is present in both. The “exception” lends itself to the purpose, as it is a fundamental defensive means of dismantling the plaintiff’s claim from either a substantive or procedural standpoint. This work chose to analyse the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and, to a limited extent, the Field Code — that is, the two most influential sets of rules of civil procedure at the federal and state level — in order to identify the regulatory aspects of the so-called defenses that are similar or different to the features of the “exceptions” as imagined by the Italian legislator, taking also into account the relevant case law in both countries. After a short explanation of the pretrial phase of American civil proceedings, the adopted comparative approach focalizes on Rule 12(b) defenses, with the aim of offering a detailed examination of them in connection with the procedural “exceptions” in our legal system. Among these defenses, the only one on the merits is failure to state a claim, which is particularly significant following the modification of the pleading standards of the complaint by the Supreme Court rulings Twombly and Iqbal, which has also questioned the opportunity of their application to affirmative defenses. This work has tried to identify by which means a defendant in an Italian civil trial could bring a similar challenge to the one raised by the defense. However, the aspect of the examined procedural tool on which the two legal systems differ the most concerns the possibility to raise it sua sponte, which is admitted in relation to some “exceptions” in the Italian context and, conversely, prohibited in the U.S. legislator’s view: nevertheless, the recent trends in American case law (even in relation to affirmative defenses) seem to suggest a shift in this approach. Through the in-depth examination of these matters, this comparative study highlights how the “exception” as a defensive tool can demonstrate the proximity between the two systems of civil procedure, notwithstanding their different legal traditions.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Casagrande_Enrico.pdf
accesso aperto
Dimensione
1.84 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
1.84 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/93809