This paper analyses consumer vulnerability in the digital environment. For some years now, the notion of vulnerability has been appearing with increasing frequency in legal sources, especially in the European ones. Traditionally, this attribute has been interpreted subjectively and, therefore, associated with categories of individuals characterised by specific characteristics, such as age, infirmity or social status. Moving beyond this approach, we will attempt to demonstrate how, in the digital ecosystem, vulnerability is rather a universal condition, since, given the peculiarities of the context, which is full of pitfalls and dangers, all individuals find themselves fragile and in need of protection. The analysis of vulnerability in the era of digital consumption will begin with a brief overview of the philosophical and legal evolution of the concept of vulnerability. After illustrating the current regulatory framework on the subject, which is still insufficient and fragmented, we will examine the forms of exploitation of vulnerability, i.e. phenomena that, in the digital world, leverage the intrinsic cognitive weaknesses of individuals in order to influence their consumption choices. The topic of digital manipulation will then be explored in depth, with particular reference to neuromarketing techniques and dark patterns. In addition, telematic contracts will be examined, focusing specifically on contracts for the exchange of services for data and on the pay or consent model. Finally, attention will be focused on the dynamics affecting minors as the most vulnerable users of the internet, through an examination of addictive design, minors' digital capabilities, sharenting and the phenomenon of baby influencers. This will highlight the serious risks to which they are exposed and, therefore, the need to introduce effective age verification systems. This paper will attempt to suggest potential solutions which, involving regulatory authorities, companies and consumers, can counteract or at least reduce digital vulnerability, so as to guarantee consumers adequate and effective protection of their rights.
Il presente elaborato ha ad oggetto l’analisi della vulnerabilità del consumatore nell’ambiente digitale. La nozione di vulnerabilità, già da qualche anno, figura con frequenza sempre maggiore nel lessico delle fonti giuridiche, specie di carattere sovranazionale. Tradizionalmente, tale attributo è stato interpretato in chiave soggettiva e, quindi, associato a categorie di soggetti connotati da specifiche caratteristiche, come l’età, lo stato di infermità o la condizione sociale. Superando tale approccio, si tenterà di dimostrare come, nell’ecosistema digitale, la vulnerabilità sia piuttosto una condizione universale, in quanto, a fronte delle peculiarità del contesto, ricco di insidie e pericoli, tutti gli individui si scoprono fragili e bisognosi di tutele. L’analisi della vulnerabilità nell'era del consumo digitale prenderà le mosse da una breve panoramica dell’evoluzione filosofico giuridica del concetto di vulnerabilità. Illustrato l'attuale quadro normativo in materia, ancora insufficiente e frammentato, seguirà esame delle forme di sfruttamento della vulnerabilità ovvero fenomeni che, nel digitale, fanno leva sulle intrinseche debolezze cognitive degli individui al fine di indirizzarne le scelte di consumo. Sarà quindi approfondito il tema della manipolazione digitale, con particolare riferimento alle tecniche di neuromarketing e ai dark patterns; inoltre, verranno esaminati i contratti telematici, concentrandosi nello specifico sui contratti di scambio di servizi contro dati e sul modello pay or consent. Da ultimo, si rivolgerà l’attenzione alle dinamiche che interessano i minori quali soggetti più vulnerabili della rete attraverso l’esame dell’addictive design, della capacità digitale del minore, dello sharenting e del fenomeno dei baby-influencer. Si evidenzieranno così i seri rischi a cui questi sono esposti e, di conseguenza, l’esigenza di introdurre efficaci sistemi di verifica dell’età. Il presente elaborato, proverà a suggerire delle potenziali soluzioni che, coinvolgendo autorità di regolamentazione, aziende e consumatori, possano contrastare o quantomeno ridurre la vulnerabilità digitale, così da garantire agli utenti consumatori una tutela adeguata ed effettiva dei loro diritti.
Nuovi profili di vulnerabilità nell’era del consumo digitale
PALMIERI, GINA
2024/2025
Abstract
This paper analyses consumer vulnerability in the digital environment. For some years now, the notion of vulnerability has been appearing with increasing frequency in legal sources, especially in the European ones. Traditionally, this attribute has been interpreted subjectively and, therefore, associated with categories of individuals characterised by specific characteristics, such as age, infirmity or social status. Moving beyond this approach, we will attempt to demonstrate how, in the digital ecosystem, vulnerability is rather a universal condition, since, given the peculiarities of the context, which is full of pitfalls and dangers, all individuals find themselves fragile and in need of protection. The analysis of vulnerability in the era of digital consumption will begin with a brief overview of the philosophical and legal evolution of the concept of vulnerability. After illustrating the current regulatory framework on the subject, which is still insufficient and fragmented, we will examine the forms of exploitation of vulnerability, i.e. phenomena that, in the digital world, leverage the intrinsic cognitive weaknesses of individuals in order to influence their consumption choices. The topic of digital manipulation will then be explored in depth, with particular reference to neuromarketing techniques and dark patterns. In addition, telematic contracts will be examined, focusing specifically on contracts for the exchange of services for data and on the pay or consent model. Finally, attention will be focused on the dynamics affecting minors as the most vulnerable users of the internet, through an examination of addictive design, minors' digital capabilities, sharenting and the phenomenon of baby influencers. This will highlight the serious risks to which they are exposed and, therefore, the need to introduce effective age verification systems. This paper will attempt to suggest potential solutions which, involving regulatory authorities, companies and consumers, can counteract or at least reduce digital vulnerability, so as to guarantee consumers adequate and effective protection of their rights.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/93827