Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare and severe demyelinating neurological disease caused by the reactivation of JC polyomavirus (JCV) in immunocompromised patients. Diagnosis relies on integrated methodologies (MRI, CT, EEG, cerebrospinal fluid analysis) and, in doubtful cases, on brain biopsy combined with molecular biology techniques. The neuropathological picture is characterized by a triad of histological features: perivascular inflammatory infiltrate with a histiocytic component, demyelination, and atypical astrocytes. The aim of this study was to analyze the inflammatory microenvironment of PML using conventional light microscopy, assessing the degree of demyelination, lymphoid infiltrate, and histiocytic infiltrate. The goal was not to replace molecular techniques, which remain essential, but to propose a simple, accessible, and reproducible qualitative-quantitative method, useful to support neuropathological diagnosis and contribute to understanding the pathogenesis of the disease. The study examined an autoptic series of 7 subjects (mean age 67 years) from the Legal Medicine Unit of San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, with clinico-radiological and histological confirmation of PML. Brain samples were analyzed by conventional light microscopy to evaluate the three key histological parameters. The applied techniques were: Luxol Fast Blue for the degree of demyelination, hematoxylin–eosin for lymphoid infiltrate, and immunohistochemistry with CD163 and CD68 for histiocytic infiltrate. Histological analysis revealed significant variability across cases. Four patients showed demyelination below 50%, while the remaining three had demyelination equal to or greater than 50%. Lymphoid infiltrate was mild and limited to perivascular sites in five patients, while in the remaining two it was more marked and also involved the parenchyma. Regarding the histiocytic infiltrate, four patients showed a predominance of CD68-positive macrophages, whereas three cases presented a predominance of CD163-positive macrophages. The analysis demonstrated a strong correlation between the degree of demyelination and the composition of the inflammatory infiltrate in PML. Extensive demyelination was associated with a predominance of CD163-positive macrophages and often with diffuse lymphoid infiltrates extending into the parenchyma. Conversely, in lesions with mild demyelination, CD68-positive macrophages and perivascular lymphoid infiltrates were more frequently observed.
La leucoencefalopatia multifocale progressiva (PML), è una grave e rara malattia neurologica demielinizzante causata dalla riattivazione del poliomavirus JC (JCV) in pazienti immunodefedati. La diagnosi di PML si basa su metodiche integrate (RMN, TC, EEG, analisi liquorale) e, nei casi dubbi, si esegue una biopsia cerebrale che si associa a tecniche di biologia molecolare. Il quadro neuropatologico è caratterizzato da una triade di caratteristiche istologiche: infiltrato flogistico perivascolare con componente istioide, demielinizzazione e riscontro di astrociti atipici. Obiettivo dello studio è stato analizzare il microambiente infiammatorio della PML mediante microscopia ottica convenzionale, valutando il grado di demielinizzazione, l’infiltrato linfoide e l’infiltrato istiocitario. L’intento non è sostituire le tecniche molecolari, che restano fondamentali, ma proporre un metodo qualitativo-quantitativo accessibile, riproducibile e utile per supportare la diagnosi neuropatologica e contribuire alla comprensione della patogenesi della malattia. Lo studio si avvale di una casistica autoptica di 7 soggetti, proveniente della U.O. Medicina Legale dell’Ospedale San Bortolo di Vicenza, di età media di 67 anni, con diagnosi clinico-radiologica e conferma istologica di PML. I campioni cerebrali sono stati studiati mediante microscopia ottica convenzionale, per la valutazione dei tre parametri chiave della malattia. Le tecniche applicate sono state: Luxol Fast Blue per il grado di demielinizzazione, ematossilina-eosina per l’infiltrato linfoide e immuoistochimica con CD163 e CD68 per l’infiltrato istiocitario. Dall’analisi istologica dei casi è emersa una significativa variabilità dei parametri. In quattro pazienti si è riscontrata una demielinizzazione inferiore al 50% e nei restanti tre era pari o superiore al 50%. L’infiltrato linfoide è risultato lieve ed esclusivamente in sede perivascolare in cinque pazienti, nei due casi rimanenti era significativo e anche in sede parenchimale. Per l’infiltrato istiocitario, quattro pazienti avevano una prevalenza di macrofagi CD68-positivi, mentre in tre casi c’era una predominanza di macrofagi CD163-positivi. L’analisi ha evidenziato una stretta correlazione tra il grado di demielinizzazione e la composizione dell’infiltrato infiammatorio nella PML. Nei casi con una demielinizzazione estesa è emersa una prevalenza di macrofagi CD163-positivi, spesso associati a infiltrato linfoide diffuso anche a livello parenchimale. Nelle lesioni con demielinizzazione lieve sono stati rilevati maggiormente macrofagi CD68-positivi e infiltrato linfoide in sede perivascolare.
Leucoencefalopatia multifocale progressiva: casistica autoptica e approfondimento istopatologico
RINALDI, ELISA
2024/2025
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare and severe demyelinating neurological disease caused by the reactivation of JC polyomavirus (JCV) in immunocompromised patients. Diagnosis relies on integrated methodologies (MRI, CT, EEG, cerebrospinal fluid analysis) and, in doubtful cases, on brain biopsy combined with molecular biology techniques. The neuropathological picture is characterized by a triad of histological features: perivascular inflammatory infiltrate with a histiocytic component, demyelination, and atypical astrocytes. The aim of this study was to analyze the inflammatory microenvironment of PML using conventional light microscopy, assessing the degree of demyelination, lymphoid infiltrate, and histiocytic infiltrate. The goal was not to replace molecular techniques, which remain essential, but to propose a simple, accessible, and reproducible qualitative-quantitative method, useful to support neuropathological diagnosis and contribute to understanding the pathogenesis of the disease. The study examined an autoptic series of 7 subjects (mean age 67 years) from the Legal Medicine Unit of San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, with clinico-radiological and histological confirmation of PML. Brain samples were analyzed by conventional light microscopy to evaluate the three key histological parameters. The applied techniques were: Luxol Fast Blue for the degree of demyelination, hematoxylin–eosin for lymphoid infiltrate, and immunohistochemistry with CD163 and CD68 for histiocytic infiltrate. Histological analysis revealed significant variability across cases. Four patients showed demyelination below 50%, while the remaining three had demyelination equal to or greater than 50%. Lymphoid infiltrate was mild and limited to perivascular sites in five patients, while in the remaining two it was more marked and also involved the parenchyma. Regarding the histiocytic infiltrate, four patients showed a predominance of CD68-positive macrophages, whereas three cases presented a predominance of CD163-positive macrophages. The analysis demonstrated a strong correlation between the degree of demyelination and the composition of the inflammatory infiltrate in PML. Extensive demyelination was associated with a predominance of CD163-positive macrophages and often with diffuse lymphoid infiltrates extending into the parenchyma. Conversely, in lesions with mild demyelination, CD68-positive macrophages and perivascular lymphoid infiltrates were more frequently observed.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/93907