Introduction: The term "emerging viruses" refers to viruses that have expanded their distribution and delineated new endemic areas in recent years, due to various factors related to globalization and climate change. Of particular interest are viruses belonging to the order Bunyavirales, including Tahyna virus (TAHV), Toscana virus (TOSV), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), transmitted by arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, sandflies, and ticks, and Hantavirus (HTV) transmitted by various rodent species. Scientific literature regarding the circulation of these viruses in Italy is scarce, and seroprevalence studies are lacking. Objective: To evaluate the presence of TAHV, TOSV, CCHFV, and HTV in the Veneto population through seroprevalence studies. Materials and Methods: A group of 721 serum and plasma samples collected between 2020 and 2025 in the Veneto Region was selected from asymptomatic subjects potentially exposed due to frequent outdoor activities, asymptomatic blood donors, and symptomatic subjects with suspected arboviral infection. These samples were tested using ELISA for the detection of CCHFV- and HTV-specific IgG antibodies. A subgroup of approximately 230 serum samples was analyzed using microneutralization tests (virus neutralization test, VNT) to determine the titer of neutralizing antibodies against TAHV and TOSV. TOSV (strain 1812 isolated at the University of Siena) and TAHV (isolated from the Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna) isolates were titrated using TCID50 assay for the development of VNT protocols, using Vero cell cultures that have been shown to be permissive to viruses of the order Bunyavirales. Results: VNT results showed a seroprevalence of 8.62% for TAHV and 1.84% for TOSV. ELISA screening for anti-CCHFV and anti-HTV IgG antibodies yielded positive results in 0.97% and 0.83% of cases, respectively. However, VNT did not confirm any reactivity towards these two viruses. Conclusions: In this study, VNT protocols were developed to determine the titer of neutralizing antibodies against TOSV and TAHV in serum samples to investigate the seroprevalence of these emerging Bunyavirales in a large cohort of subjects referred to the reference laboratory of the Veneto Region. The presence of anti-HTV and anti-CCHFV IgG was also evaluated in these subjects using ELISA and subsequent confirmation with VNT. The study demonstrated a prevalence of neutralizing antibodies against TAHV and TOSV in 8.62% and 1.84% of the examined subjects, respectively, while the presence of specific anti-HTV and anti-CCHFV antibodies was not confirmed in any subject.
Introduzione: Con il termine “virus emergenti” si definiscono quei virus che negli ultimi anni hanno ampliato la loro diffusione e delineato nuove aree endemiche, a causa di diversi fattori legati alla globalizzazione e al cambiamento climatico. Di questi, sono di particolare interesse i virus appartenenti all’ordine Bunyavirales, a cui appartengono Tahyna virus (TAHV), Toscana virus (TOSV), Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), trasmessi da vettori artropodi quali zanzare, pappataci e zecche, e Hantavirus (HTV) trasmessi da diverse specie di roditori. Le informazioni nella letteratura scientifica riguardante la circolazione di questi virus in Italia è esigua e mancano studi di sieroprevalenza. Scopo: Valutare la presenza dei virus TAHV, TOSV, CCHFV e HTV nella popolazione del Veneto tramite studi di sieroprevalenza. Materiali e metodi: È stato selezionato un gruppo di 721 campioni di siero e plasma raccolti tra il 2020 e il 2025 nella Regione Veneto da soggetti asintomatici potenzialmente esposti per frequente attività all’aperto, donatori di sangue asintomatici, soggetti sintomatici con sospetta arbovirosi. Su questi campioni sono stati eseguiti test ELISA per la ricerca di immunoglobuline di classe IgG specifiche per CCHFV e HTV. Un sottogruppo della casistica, corrispondente a circa 230 campioni di siero, è stata analizzato con test di sieroneutralizzazione in micropiastra (virus neutralization test, VNT) per determinare il titolo degli anticorpi neutralizzanti TAHV e TOSV. Gli isolati di TOSV (ceppo 1812 isolato presso l’Università degli Studi di Siena) e TAHV (isolato dall’Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna) sono stati titolati tramite saggio TCID50 per la messa a punto dei protocolli VNT, utilizzando colture di cellule Vero che si sono dimostrate permissive ai virus dell’ordine Bunyavirales. Risultati: Dai test VNT, la sieroprevalenza di TAHV è risultata dell’8,62% e la sieroprevalenza di TOSV è risultata dell’1,84%. I test ELISA per lo screening degli anticorpi della classe IgG anti CCHFV e HTV sono risultati positivi nel 0,97%, e 0,83% dei casi, rispettivamente, ma i test mediante VNT non ha confermato nessuna reattività verso i due virus. Conclusioni: In questo studio sono stati messi a punto test VNT per determinare il titolo degli anticorpi neutralizzanti TOSV e TAHV in campioni di siero per indagare la sieroprevalenza di di questi Bunyavirales emergenti in un’ampia casistica di soggetti afferenti al laboratorio di riferimento della Regione Veneto. In questi soggetti è stata inoltre valutata la presenza IgG anti-HTV e CCHFV mediante test ELISA e successiva conferma con test VNT. Lo studio ha dimostrato una prevalenza di anticorpi neutralizzanti TAHV e TOSV nel 8,62%, e 1,84% dei soggetti esaminati, mentre in nessun soggetto è stata confermata la presenza di anticorpi specifici anti-HTV e CCHFV.
Indagine di sieroprevalenza dei Bunyavirales nella Regione Veneto: focus su TAHV, TOSV, CCHFV, HTV
ZANELLATO, MARTINA
2024/2025
Abstract
Introduction: The term "emerging viruses" refers to viruses that have expanded their distribution and delineated new endemic areas in recent years, due to various factors related to globalization and climate change. Of particular interest are viruses belonging to the order Bunyavirales, including Tahyna virus (TAHV), Toscana virus (TOSV), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), transmitted by arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, sandflies, and ticks, and Hantavirus (HTV) transmitted by various rodent species. Scientific literature regarding the circulation of these viruses in Italy is scarce, and seroprevalence studies are lacking. Objective: To evaluate the presence of TAHV, TOSV, CCHFV, and HTV in the Veneto population through seroprevalence studies. Materials and Methods: A group of 721 serum and plasma samples collected between 2020 and 2025 in the Veneto Region was selected from asymptomatic subjects potentially exposed due to frequent outdoor activities, asymptomatic blood donors, and symptomatic subjects with suspected arboviral infection. These samples were tested using ELISA for the detection of CCHFV- and HTV-specific IgG antibodies. A subgroup of approximately 230 serum samples was analyzed using microneutralization tests (virus neutralization test, VNT) to determine the titer of neutralizing antibodies against TAHV and TOSV. TOSV (strain 1812 isolated at the University of Siena) and TAHV (isolated from the Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna) isolates were titrated using TCID50 assay for the development of VNT protocols, using Vero cell cultures that have been shown to be permissive to viruses of the order Bunyavirales. Results: VNT results showed a seroprevalence of 8.62% for TAHV and 1.84% for TOSV. ELISA screening for anti-CCHFV and anti-HTV IgG antibodies yielded positive results in 0.97% and 0.83% of cases, respectively. However, VNT did not confirm any reactivity towards these two viruses. Conclusions: In this study, VNT protocols were developed to determine the titer of neutralizing antibodies against TOSV and TAHV in serum samples to investigate the seroprevalence of these emerging Bunyavirales in a large cohort of subjects referred to the reference laboratory of the Veneto Region. The presence of anti-HTV and anti-CCHFV IgG was also evaluated in these subjects using ELISA and subsequent confirmation with VNT. The study demonstrated a prevalence of neutralizing antibodies against TAHV and TOSV in 8.62% and 1.84% of the examined subjects, respectively, while the presence of specific anti-HTV and anti-CCHFV antibodies was not confirmed in any subject.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/93914