As part of a study conducted on a number of alpine summer farms located within the Trentino region, specifically in the Adamello mountain group, the present work aims to analyze the pastoral resources found in these areas. These resources – namely pastures, wood pastures, and clearings—were assessed with particular focus on their characteristic vegetation and forage contribution. A total of nine alpine summer farms were selected for the study, based on a territorial stratification into three altitudinal zones: montane, upper montane, and subalpine. Within the surfaces associated with the identified alpine summer farms, sampling areas were selected for each of the categories of pasture, wood pasture and clearing and a series of field surveys were conducted. These aimed to collect data on specific floristic composition, site characteristics, and percentage of tree canopy cover. The floristic data gathered were then statistically processed through cluster analysis. This allowed for the distinction, according to the three altitudinal zones, of groups of surveys that are homogeneous in terms of vegetation. Subsequent phytosociological analysis enabled the identification, for each group, of the most representative vegetation classes, both in terms of species richness and relative abundance. Each group was also evaluated in terms of forage contribution, using indices such as forage value, pastoral value, and carrying capacity. The percentage of tree canopy cover, estimated using two distinct methodologies: indirect analysis of canopy closeness based on hemispherical photography, and measurement of light intensity in the field, emerged as the primary factor influencing vegetation variation and, by extension, forage value. As expected, open pasture areas demonstrated the highest forage productivity, recording the best results across all three altitudinal zones in terms of forage and pastoral values, as well as carrying capacity. Additionally, it was found that survey groups related to low-density forests also showed a significant forage value. This is reflected in the vegetation, which, in these cases, is often composed equally of grassland and woodland phytosociological classes. For medium-density forests, the forage value was also found to be non-negligible, whereas high-density forests were found to be virtually unproductive in this regard, due to a marked decrease in both the number of herbaceous species and their relative contribution to ground cover. As for clearings, they did not prove to be particularly relevant for grazing purposes, and their forage value was comparable to that observed in high-density forests. From an overall analysis of the collected data, a clear dependence of forage value on both the altitudinal zonation and forest canopy density was observed.
Nell’ambito di alcune malghe situate sui territori trentini rientranti nel gruppo dell’Adamello, il presente lavoro si prefigge di analizzare le risorse pastorali che qui si trovano. Di tali risorse – rappresentate dalla presenza di pascoli, boschi pascolati e radure – viene studiata la vegetazione caratteristica e considerata la vocazione foraggera. Le malghe oggetto dell’indagine sono nove e sono state scelte sulla base di una ripartizione del territorio che ha considerato tre fasce altimetriche: montana, altimontana e subalpina. All’interno delle superfici afferenti alle malghe individuate, sono state selezionate delle aree di saggio per ognuna delle categorie di pascolo, bosco pascolato e radura a cui è corrisposta una serie di rilievi di campo finalizzati alla raccolta di dati riguardanti la composizione floristica specifica, le caratteristiche stazionali e il livello di densità percentuale della copertura arborea. Successivamente, i dati relativi alle specie identificate nei vari rilievi sono stati elaborati statisticamente attraverso la cluster analysis, che ha fornito come risultato principale la determinazione, in relazione alle tre fasce altimetriche, di gruppi a cui afferiscono rilievi tra loro omogenei da un punto di vista della vegetazione. Attraverso l’analisi fitosociologica è stato possibile ricavare, per ciascun gruppo, le classi vegetazionali più rappresentate sia in termini di numerosità delle specie sia di relativa abbondanza. Di ciascun gruppo, inoltre, è stata valutata la vocazione foraggera espressa dagli indici di valore foraggero, valore pastorale e capacità di carico. Il dato della copertura arborea percentuale, stimato secondo due diverse metodologie quali l’analisi indiretta del valore di canopy closeness a partire da fotografie emisferiche e la differenza di illuminamento misurata in campo, è risultato essere il fattore dal quale dipende maggiormente la variazione della vegetazione e, conseguentemente, il valore foraggero. Proprio in merito al valore foraggero, le aree di pascolo si sono dimostrate, come previsto, le più produttive, registrando in ciascuna delle tre fasce altimetriche i migliori valori foraggero, pastorale e capacità di carico. Inoltre, è emerso che anche i gruppi di rilievi relativi ad aree di bosco pascolato a bassa densità presentano un valore foraggero significativo. Questo aspetto si riflette sulla vegetazione, la quale, in questo caso, risulta spesso costituita in egual misura da specie di classi fitosociologiche di prateria e da specie di classi di bosco. Anche per i boschi a media densità, il valore foraggero è risultato non trascurabile, mentre è pressoché nullo nei boschi ad alta densità, ove la vegetazione erbacea registra una netta contrazione del numero di specie e del contributo percentuale che essa offre al ricoprimento del suolo. Per quanto riguarda le radure, esse non sono risultate particolarmente rilevanti ai fini del pascolamento e il loro valore foraggero si è infatti rivelato paragonabile a quello registrato nei boschi ad alta densità. Da un’analisi complessiva dei dati raccolti, si è quindi potuto riscontrare una dipendenza del valore foraggero in funzione delle tre fasce altimetriche considerate e della densità del bosco.
Vegetazione e valore pastorale di pascoli e boschi pascolati sull'Adamello trentino
TAVERNINI, DAVIDE
2024/2025
Abstract
As part of a study conducted on a number of alpine summer farms located within the Trentino region, specifically in the Adamello mountain group, the present work aims to analyze the pastoral resources found in these areas. These resources – namely pastures, wood pastures, and clearings—were assessed with particular focus on their characteristic vegetation and forage contribution. A total of nine alpine summer farms were selected for the study, based on a territorial stratification into three altitudinal zones: montane, upper montane, and subalpine. Within the surfaces associated with the identified alpine summer farms, sampling areas were selected for each of the categories of pasture, wood pasture and clearing and a series of field surveys were conducted. These aimed to collect data on specific floristic composition, site characteristics, and percentage of tree canopy cover. The floristic data gathered were then statistically processed through cluster analysis. This allowed for the distinction, according to the three altitudinal zones, of groups of surveys that are homogeneous in terms of vegetation. Subsequent phytosociological analysis enabled the identification, for each group, of the most representative vegetation classes, both in terms of species richness and relative abundance. Each group was also evaluated in terms of forage contribution, using indices such as forage value, pastoral value, and carrying capacity. The percentage of tree canopy cover, estimated using two distinct methodologies: indirect analysis of canopy closeness based on hemispherical photography, and measurement of light intensity in the field, emerged as the primary factor influencing vegetation variation and, by extension, forage value. As expected, open pasture areas demonstrated the highest forage productivity, recording the best results across all three altitudinal zones in terms of forage and pastoral values, as well as carrying capacity. Additionally, it was found that survey groups related to low-density forests also showed a significant forage value. This is reflected in the vegetation, which, in these cases, is often composed equally of grassland and woodland phytosociological classes. For medium-density forests, the forage value was also found to be non-negligible, whereas high-density forests were found to be virtually unproductive in this regard, due to a marked decrease in both the number of herbaceous species and their relative contribution to ground cover. As for clearings, they did not prove to be particularly relevant for grazing purposes, and their forage value was comparable to that observed in high-density forests. From an overall analysis of the collected data, a clear dependence of forage value on both the altitudinal zonation and forest canopy density was observed.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/94000