This paper aims to examine, from a normative, doctrinal, and jurisprudential perspective, a topic of great relevance and interest: the instruments of criminal law in the field of information technology to prevent and combat gender-based violence. The first part will consider how, at both supranational and national levels, numerous legal sources aim to safeguard women's rights and their evolution. The second chapter will address the legislative path that led to Article 612-bis of the Penal Code, highlighting how doctrinal opinion is far from unanimous regarding the identification of the legal interest protected by this provision. Focus will also be placed on the constitutive elements of the crime of cyberstalking, such as the legally relevant conduct and the psychological element of the offense. Finally, it will be noted that the crime of stalking may be prosecuted on the basis of general intent. In the third section, attention will be focused on the illicit dissemination of images or videos containing explicit sexual content without the consent of the person depicted, commonly referred to as revenge porn. The legally protected interest and the punishable conduct under Article 612-ter of the Criminal Code will be identified, without overlooking the fact that it is prosecuted upon the complaint of the injured party, although, according to paragraph 4, it is possible to proceed ex officio.In the fourth chapter, a comparative approach will be adopted, examining the instruments provided by the German legal system to combat the phenomenon of gender-based violence. The analysis will concentrate on the crimes of stalking and cyberstalking, as provided for and punished under § 238 of the German Criminal Code (StGB), both in the version preceding and following the 2017 reform. Finally, it will be observed how Germany has a highly structured legal framework to combat revenge porn. In light of the extensive considerations outlined above, it can be concluded that gender-based violence originates from a clear imbalance of power between the sexes, which can be considered a legacy of patriarchy, and constitutes one of the most serious violations of fundamental human rights. This violation has accompanied the evolution of society, expanding its modes of manifestation with the advent of modern technology. In conclusion, it can be observed that today's challenges demand constant commitment and a dynamic approach: it is imperative to continue working de iure condendo in order to introduce more specific criminal offenses, to toughen the penalties for crimes committed via electronic means, and to strengthen investigative and evidentiary tools through specialized training for law enforcement officers and judges, as well as to enhance public-private and transnational cooperation. Repression and prevention should be treated equally and must be considered priorities in every respect. Thus, consideration should also be given to complementary measures and an interdisciplinary approach through digital education and awareness campaigns aimed at educating citizens on the responsible and safe use of digital devices, respecting consent online, and recognizing and preventing forms of digital violence. Furthermore, support for victims should be increased, possibly by enhancing the role of anti-violence centers. It is necessary to achieve a synergy between adequate legislation, advanced investigative capabilities, continuous training of legal operators, and the accountability of digital platforms to contain the pervasiveness of gender-based violence on the World Wide Web. The web must not become a place of oppression and violation of rights but should be safe and equitable for all, regardless of gender. To this end, a collective effort is required to combat gender-based violence in all its forms, whether online or offline.
Il presente lavoro si prefigge di esaminare, dal punto di vista normativo, dottrinale e giurisprudenziale, un argomento di grande attualità ed interesse, gli strumenti del diritto penale dell’informatica per prevenire e contrastare la violenza di genere. Nella prima parte si osserverà come a livello sovranazionale e interno molteplici siano le fonti normative che mirano a salvaguardare i diritti delle donne e la loro evoluzione. Il secondo capitolo si occuperà del percorso legislativo che ha condotto all’art. 612-bis c.p., sottolineando come il formante dottrinale non sia affatto unanime circa l’individuazione del bene giuridico tutelato dalla suddetta norma, ci si focalizzerà altresì sugli elementi costitutivi del delitto di cyberstalking, quali la condotta penalmente rilevante e l’elemento psicologico del reato infine si noterà come il delitto di atti persecutori sia perseguibile a titolo di dolo generico. Nella terza sezione l’attenzione sarà rivolta alla diffusione illecita di immagini o video aventi un contenuto sessuale esplicito in carenza del consenso della persona ritratta, c.d. revenge porn. Si individueranno il bene giuridico tutelato e le condotte punibili ex art. 612-ter c.p., non sottacendo che esso sia punito a querela della persona offesa, benché secondo il comma 4 sia possibile procedere ex officio. Nel quarto capitolo si adotterà un approccio comparato e si esamineranno gli strumenti offerti dall’ordinamento tedesco per contrastare il fenomeno della violenza di genere. L’analisi verterà sui reati di stalking e cyberstalking, così come previsti e puniti dal § 238, StGB nella versione antecedente e successiva alla riforma del 2017. In ultimo, si osserverà come la Germania presenti una cornice giuridica molto articolata per contrastare il revenge porn. Alla luce delle ampie considerazioni che precedono, può concludersi che la violenza di genere abbia origine da un’evidente situazione di squilibrio di potere tra i sessi che può considerarsi retaggio del patriarcato è una delle più gravi violazioni dei diritti umani fondamentali che ha accompagnato l’evoluzione della società ed ampliando le sue modalità di manifestazione con l’avvento della moderna tecnologia. In conclusione si può osservare come le sfide odierne esigano un impegno costante e un approccio dinamico: è doveroso seguitare a lavorare de iure condendo in modo da introdurre fattispecie di reato più specifiche, nonché inasprire le sanzioni per i reati commessi telematicamente e rafforzare gli strumenti investigativi e probatori attraverso la formazione specializzata delle forze dell’ordine e dei giudici e aumentare la cooperazione pubblico-privato e transnazionale. Repressione e prevenzione vanno poste sullo stesso piano e devono considerarsi a tutti gli effetti priorità. Così bisognerebbe prendere in considerazione altresì misure complementari e un approccio interdisciplinare attraverso un educazione digitale e campagne di sensibilizzazione volte a educare i cittadini all’utilizzo responsabile e sicuro dei dispositivi digitali, al rispetto del consenso nel www, al riconoscimento e alla prevenzione delle forme di violenza digitale. Inoltre, si dovrebbe aumentare il supporto in favore delle vittime magari incrementando il ruolo dei centri antiviolenza. Si deve giungere a una sinergia tra normativa adeguata, capacità investigative avanzate, formazione costante degli operatori del diritto e responsabilità delle piattaforme digitali per contenere la pervasività della violenza di genere nel www. Il web non deve diventare luogo di oppressione e trasgressione dei diritti ma dovrebbe essere sicuro e paritario per tutti a prescindere dal genere. A tale scopo c’è bisogno di un impegno collettivo finalizzato a contrastare la violenza di genere in ogni sua manifestazione, telematica o meno.
Contrasto alla violenza di genere: strumenti di tutela nel diritto penale dell'informatica
GIANOLLA, CATERINA LISA
2024/2025
Abstract
This paper aims to examine, from a normative, doctrinal, and jurisprudential perspective, a topic of great relevance and interest: the instruments of criminal law in the field of information technology to prevent and combat gender-based violence. The first part will consider how, at both supranational and national levels, numerous legal sources aim to safeguard women's rights and their evolution. The second chapter will address the legislative path that led to Article 612-bis of the Penal Code, highlighting how doctrinal opinion is far from unanimous regarding the identification of the legal interest protected by this provision. Focus will also be placed on the constitutive elements of the crime of cyberstalking, such as the legally relevant conduct and the psychological element of the offense. Finally, it will be noted that the crime of stalking may be prosecuted on the basis of general intent. In the third section, attention will be focused on the illicit dissemination of images or videos containing explicit sexual content without the consent of the person depicted, commonly referred to as revenge porn. The legally protected interest and the punishable conduct under Article 612-ter of the Criminal Code will be identified, without overlooking the fact that it is prosecuted upon the complaint of the injured party, although, according to paragraph 4, it is possible to proceed ex officio.In the fourth chapter, a comparative approach will be adopted, examining the instruments provided by the German legal system to combat the phenomenon of gender-based violence. The analysis will concentrate on the crimes of stalking and cyberstalking, as provided for and punished under § 238 of the German Criminal Code (StGB), both in the version preceding and following the 2017 reform. Finally, it will be observed how Germany has a highly structured legal framework to combat revenge porn. In light of the extensive considerations outlined above, it can be concluded that gender-based violence originates from a clear imbalance of power between the sexes, which can be considered a legacy of patriarchy, and constitutes one of the most serious violations of fundamental human rights. This violation has accompanied the evolution of society, expanding its modes of manifestation with the advent of modern technology. In conclusion, it can be observed that today's challenges demand constant commitment and a dynamic approach: it is imperative to continue working de iure condendo in order to introduce more specific criminal offenses, to toughen the penalties for crimes committed via electronic means, and to strengthen investigative and evidentiary tools through specialized training for law enforcement officers and judges, as well as to enhance public-private and transnational cooperation. Repression and prevention should be treated equally and must be considered priorities in every respect. Thus, consideration should also be given to complementary measures and an interdisciplinary approach through digital education and awareness campaigns aimed at educating citizens on the responsible and safe use of digital devices, respecting consent online, and recognizing and preventing forms of digital violence. Furthermore, support for victims should be increased, possibly by enhancing the role of anti-violence centers. It is necessary to achieve a synergy between adequate legislation, advanced investigative capabilities, continuous training of legal operators, and the accountability of digital platforms to contain the pervasiveness of gender-based violence on the World Wide Web. The web must not become a place of oppression and violation of rights but should be safe and equitable for all, regardless of gender. To this end, a collective effort is required to combat gender-based violence in all its forms, whether online or offline.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/94455