The patella is a sesamoid bone crucial to the knee’s anatomy and biomechanics. Indeed, patellar luxation, which refers to the displacement from its natural position in the femoral trochlear groove, prevents flexion and extension of the limb, therefore causing lameness and, in the long term, osteoarthritis. Patellar luxation of any degree is always diagnosed clinically, but because it is a symptom of hindlimb deformity, an in-depth analysis by radiography and CT of hindlimb alignment is needed to identify the cause. Even though it is infrequent in cats, several defects of the femur and the tibia are reported to cause patellar luxation, and each one requires a different surgical approach to be corrected. Currently, the deformities of the femoral trochlea in cats can be corrected either with osteotomies, such as wedge and rectangular recession trochleoplasty, or with prostheses, such as Trochlear Ridge Prostheses (TRP), Ridgestop and PGR; the latter allows a total replacement of the femoral trochlea. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the outcome of TRP implantation in cats with patellar luxation induced by aplasia or hypoplasia of trochlear ridges. TRP is a custom-made titanium implant developed from a CT scan, designed to increase the height of trochlear ridges up to 40% of the patellar craniocaudal thickness, so that the patella does not luxate. The prostheses can be accurately applied on the cranial surface of the trochlear ridges thanks to the cutting guide, which is custom-made as well. Overall, 10 cats with patellar luxation were included in this study, reaching a total of 14 stifles treated with TRP from July 2022 to July 2025. Before each surgery hindlimb alignment was assessed by measuring aLDFA (Anatomical Lateral Distal Femoral Angle), FTA (Femoral Torsion Angle) and by evaluating the presence of tibial torsion. In three cases femoral torsion was identified as well, while in the others hindlimb alignment was normal and no femoral or tibial deformities were observed apart from aplasia or hypoplasia of trochlear ridges. Each patient was treated exclusively with TRP to reduce patellar luxation and clinical follow-ups was scheduled 15, 30 and 60 days after the surgery, while radiographic follow-ups were performed at 30 and 60 days after the surgery. Following the surgery no complications were observed. Instead, stifle function was completely restored as the luxation was permanently and successfully reduced. Moreover, radiographs showed an adequate level of osteointegration of the prostheses. In conclusion, TRP represents a viable surgical option to improve patellar accommodation within the femoral trochlear groove and to reduce patellar luxation of any grade. This study aims to lay the groundwork for further research about the application of TRP in larger groups of cats, especially regarding long term follow-up and the combination with other techniques available to restore hindlimb alignment.
La rotula è un osso sesamoide cruciale nell’anatomia e nella biomeccanica del ginocchio. Infatti la sua lussazione, quindi la perdita di rapporto con la troclea femorale, impedisce la flesso-estensione dell’arto, provocando zoppia e, nel lungo termine, fenomeni degenerativi articolari. La lussazione, in qualunque grado si presenti, è diagnosticabile clinicamente, ma siccome si tratta di un sintomo di mancato allineamento del meccanismo estensorio, è opportuno indagarne la causa tramite radiografie e TC. Benché nel gatto la lussazione rotulea sia infrequente, sono documentati diversi difetti conformazionali a carico del femore e della tibia che possono provocarla, ciascuno dei quali necessita un approccio chirurgico differente. Per quanto riguarda le anomalie della troclea femorale, attualmente la loro risoluzione chirurgica prevede tecniche correttive osteotomiche, come la trocleoplastica, o protesiche, come Trochlear Ridge Prostheses (TRP), Ridgestop e PGR, l’ultima delle quali è anche sostitutiva. In questo studio, di natura retrospettiva, l’obiettivo posto è quello di valutare l’esito dell’applicazione dell’impianto TRP in gatti con lussazione patellare affetti da ipoplasia o agenesia dei labbri trocleari. TRP è una protesi in titanio, personalizzata a partire dallo studio TC, volta ad innalzare i labbri trocleari fino al 40% dello spessore della rotula, contenendola così entro il solco trocleare. L’accuratezza della sua applicazione sulla faccia craniale dei labbri trocleari è garantita da una dima chirurgica, anch’essa personalizzata. Per valutarne l’esito è stato esaminato un campione di 10 gatti, per un totale di 14 articolazioni sottoposte all’impianto di TRP, in un periodo compreso tra luglio 2022 e luglio 2025. Prima di ogni intervento è stato analizzato l’allineamento dell’arto valutando tramite TC gli angoli aLDFA (Anatomical Lateral Distal Femoral Angle), FTA (Femoral Torsion Angle) e la presenza di torsione tibiale. In tre casi è stata rilevata anche torsione femorale, mentre negli altri non sono state evidenziate anomalie conformazionali del femore o della tibia, se non l’ipoplasia o agenesia dei labbri trocleari. In tutti i casi TRP è stato eseguito come intervento unico di riduzione della lussazione rotulea ed il follow-up clinico è stato fissato dopo 15,30 e 60 giorni dall’intervento, mentre quello radiografico dopo 30 e 60 giorni dall’intervento. A seguito dell’intervento, in tutti i soggetti è stata riscontrata un’adeguata e permanente riduzione della lussazione con piena ripresa della funzionalità articolare, associata a idonea osteointegrazione identificabile radiograficamente. Non sono state rilevate complicazioni. In conclusione, TRP risulta essere efficace nel trattamento dell’agenesia e ipoplasia dei labbri trocleari nel gatto e della lussazione patellare di ogni grado. Tuttavia, ulteriori approfondimenti sono necessari al fine di determinarne l’adeguatezza su larga scala, in associazione con altre tecniche di allineamento dell’asse femoro-tibiale e nel lungo termine.
Trochlear Ridge Prostheses nel trattamento della lussazione rotulea del gatto: apporto casistico
ZAMPI, LAURA
2024/2025
Abstract
The patella is a sesamoid bone crucial to the knee’s anatomy and biomechanics. Indeed, patellar luxation, which refers to the displacement from its natural position in the femoral trochlear groove, prevents flexion and extension of the limb, therefore causing lameness and, in the long term, osteoarthritis. Patellar luxation of any degree is always diagnosed clinically, but because it is a symptom of hindlimb deformity, an in-depth analysis by radiography and CT of hindlimb alignment is needed to identify the cause. Even though it is infrequent in cats, several defects of the femur and the tibia are reported to cause patellar luxation, and each one requires a different surgical approach to be corrected. Currently, the deformities of the femoral trochlea in cats can be corrected either with osteotomies, such as wedge and rectangular recession trochleoplasty, or with prostheses, such as Trochlear Ridge Prostheses (TRP), Ridgestop and PGR; the latter allows a total replacement of the femoral trochlea. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the outcome of TRP implantation in cats with patellar luxation induced by aplasia or hypoplasia of trochlear ridges. TRP is a custom-made titanium implant developed from a CT scan, designed to increase the height of trochlear ridges up to 40% of the patellar craniocaudal thickness, so that the patella does not luxate. The prostheses can be accurately applied on the cranial surface of the trochlear ridges thanks to the cutting guide, which is custom-made as well. Overall, 10 cats with patellar luxation were included in this study, reaching a total of 14 stifles treated with TRP from July 2022 to July 2025. Before each surgery hindlimb alignment was assessed by measuring aLDFA (Anatomical Lateral Distal Femoral Angle), FTA (Femoral Torsion Angle) and by evaluating the presence of tibial torsion. In three cases femoral torsion was identified as well, while in the others hindlimb alignment was normal and no femoral or tibial deformities were observed apart from aplasia or hypoplasia of trochlear ridges. Each patient was treated exclusively with TRP to reduce patellar luxation and clinical follow-ups was scheduled 15, 30 and 60 days after the surgery, while radiographic follow-ups were performed at 30 and 60 days after the surgery. Following the surgery no complications were observed. Instead, stifle function was completely restored as the luxation was permanently and successfully reduced. Moreover, radiographs showed an adequate level of osteointegration of the prostheses. In conclusion, TRP represents a viable surgical option to improve patellar accommodation within the femoral trochlear groove and to reduce patellar luxation of any grade. This study aims to lay the groundwork for further research about the application of TRP in larger groups of cats, especially regarding long term follow-up and the combination with other techniques available to restore hindlimb alignment.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/94564