Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Among its subtypes, rectal cancer represents a significant proportion and is increasingly recognized as a distinct clinical and biological entity within the broader CRC spectrum. While the tumor microenvironment (TME) of advanced CRC has been extensively studied, its role in pre-cancerous stages remains less well characterized. A deeper understanding of immune and stromal changes during the adenoma–carcinoma sequence may contribute to improved early detection and risk stratification. Study aims: This study aimed to investigate changes in the TME during early rectal tumorigenesis using murine adenomas and human lesions of varying dysplasia grades. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was performed on adenomas from two different genetically engineered mouse models (APC Min/+ and APC flox/flox Lgr5-CreERT2). In parallel, 43 human rectal lesions, including adenomas, serrated lesions, adenocarcinomas and controls, were analyzed using tissue microarrays (TMA), multiplex immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Immune cell densities and ratios were compared across pathological categories. Results: In mouse models, tumor tissue showed lower cytotoxic T-cell infiltration and altered CD8⁺/CD4⁺ ratios compared with adjacent and normal tissue. In human lesions, CD3⁺ infiltration increased from pre-cancerous stages to adenocarcinoma, while CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells varied across categories and were predominantly stromal in carcinomas. Neutrophil and macrophage densities were higher in adenocarcinomas. Flow cytometry indicated a greater proportion of CD45⁺ immune cells in adenocarcinomas compared with adenomas. Conclusions: This study shows that measurable changes in immune infiltration occur both in murine adenomas and along the human adenoma–carcinoma sequence. Although preliminary and limited by sample size, these findings suggest that TME remodeling is already detectable at early stages of colorectal tumorigenesis. Further studies are required to clarify the functional implications of these immune changes.
Background: Il tumore del colon-retto (CRC) rappresenta una delle maggiori cause di mortalità oncologica nel mondo. Tra le sue sottocategorie, il tumore del retto costituisce una componente rilevante ed è sempre più riconosciuto come un'entità clinica e biologica distinta all'interno dello spettro del CRC. Sebbene il microambiente tumorale (TME) del CRC in stadio avanzato sia stato ampiamente studiato, il suo ruolo nelle fasi precancerose risulta ancora poco caratterizzato. Una comprensione più approfondita delle alterazioni immunitarie e stromali lungo la sequenza adenoma-carcinoma potrebbe contribuire al miglioramento delle strategie di diagnosi precoce e stratificazione del rischio. Obiettivo dello studio: Questo studio si propone di indagare le modificazioni del microambiente tumorale nelle fasi iniziali della tumorigenesi rettale, utilizzando modelli murini di adenomi e lesioni rettali umane con diversi gradi di displasia. Metodi: È stata condotta un’analisi immunoistochimica su adenomi provenienti da due differenti modelli murini geneticamente modificati (APC Min/+ and APC flox/flox Lgr5-CreERT2). Parallelamente, sono state analizzate 43 lesioni rettali umane, comprendenti adenomi, lesioni serrate, adenocarcinomi e tessuti di controllo, mediante tissue microarray (TMA), immunofluorescenza e flow cytometry. Le densità e i rapporti tra popolazioni cellulari immunitarie sono stati confrontati tra le diverse categorie patologiche. Risultati: Nei modelli murini, il tessuto tumorale ha mostrato una minore infiltrazione di linfociti T citotossici e un'alterazione del rapporto CD8⁺/CD4⁺ rispetto al tessuto adiacente e normale. Nelle lesioni umane, l’infiltrazione di cellule CD3⁺ è aumentata progressivamente dalle fasi precancerose all’adenocarcinoma, mentre le cellule T regolatorie CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ hanno mostrato variazioni tra le diverse categorie, risultando prevalentemente stromali nei carcinomi. Le densità di neutrofili e macrofagi erano più elevate negli adenocarcinomi. La flow cytometry ha evidenziato una maggiore proporzione di cellule immunitarie CD45⁺ negli adenocarcinomi rispetto agli adenomi. Conclusioni: Lo studio evidenzia che alterazioni immunitarie sono presenti sia negli adenomi murini, che lungo la sequenza adenoma-carcinoma nelle lesioni umane. Sebbene preliminari e limitati, questi risultati suggeriscono che il rimodellamento del microambiente tumorale sia già rilevabile nelle fasi iniziali della tumorigenesi rettale. Ulteriori studi sono necessari per chiarire le implicazioni funzionali di tali modificazioni immunitarie.
Tumor microenvironment influence on rectal dysplasia.
BALLERIO, REBECCA
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Among its subtypes, rectal cancer represents a significant proportion and is increasingly recognized as a distinct clinical and biological entity within the broader CRC spectrum. While the tumor microenvironment (TME) of advanced CRC has been extensively studied, its role in pre-cancerous stages remains less well characterized. A deeper understanding of immune and stromal changes during the adenoma–carcinoma sequence may contribute to improved early detection and risk stratification. Study aims: This study aimed to investigate changes in the TME during early rectal tumorigenesis using murine adenomas and human lesions of varying dysplasia grades. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was performed on adenomas from two different genetically engineered mouse models (APC Min/+ and APC flox/flox Lgr5-CreERT2). In parallel, 43 human rectal lesions, including adenomas, serrated lesions, adenocarcinomas and controls, were analyzed using tissue microarrays (TMA), multiplex immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Immune cell densities and ratios were compared across pathological categories. Results: In mouse models, tumor tissue showed lower cytotoxic T-cell infiltration and altered CD8⁺/CD4⁺ ratios compared with adjacent and normal tissue. In human lesions, CD3⁺ infiltration increased from pre-cancerous stages to adenocarcinoma, while CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells varied across categories and were predominantly stromal in carcinomas. Neutrophil and macrophage densities were higher in adenocarcinomas. Flow cytometry indicated a greater proportion of CD45⁺ immune cells in adenocarcinomas compared with adenomas. Conclusions: This study shows that measurable changes in immune infiltration occur both in murine adenomas and along the human adenoma–carcinoma sequence. Although preliminary and limited by sample size, these findings suggest that TME remodeling is already detectable at early stages of colorectal tumorigenesis. Further studies are required to clarify the functional implications of these immune changes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/94854