The issue of gender inequalities in the labor market still represents one of the most relevant and debated topics within the social sciences. Despite the cultural changes of recent decades and the growing presence of women in the workforce, visible and invisible barriers persist that significantly shape the professional paths of men and women. The idea that equality has already been achieved clashes with data and daily experiences that highlight the persistence of stereotypes, discrimination, and different expectations linked to gender. It is within this context that the present research is situated, aiming to explore how social, cultural, and organizational expectations concretely influence career trajectories in Italy. The starting point is a central question: in what ways do gender expectations affect the professional paths of men and women in contemporary Italian society? Building on this question, the thesis investigates how these expectations influence both access to opportunities and career development, focusing in particular on three dimensions: the distribution of roles and responsibilities, the balance between work and private life, and generational differences. To answer the research question, a qualitative approach was chosen, based on semi-structured interviews with men and women engaged in different sectors and positions. This method made it possible to collect direct testimonies, reconstructing the participants’ experiences and perspectives, and to highlight aspects that are difficult to detect through quantitative tools. The interviews addressed themes related to professional recognition, experiences of discrimination, and family models of reference. The thesis is organized into five chapters. The first chapter presents the theoretical framework, which spans different sociological perspectives: from classical functionalism, which interpreted the division of roles as a factor of social stability, to critical and feminist theories, which shed light on structural inequalities and the ways in which gender is reproduced daily through practices and interactions. The second chapter describes the adopted methodology, based on a qualitative approach and the use of semi-structured interviews, chosen to give voice to subjective experiences and capture the complexity of individual trajectories. The third chapter is dedicated to the presentation of the interviews, which provide an overview of the experiences of men and women in different professional contexts, highlighting both the difficulties and the strategies developed to face them. In the fourth chapter, the collected data are compared with the theoretical framework, in order to identify confirmations, contradictions, and new elements. Finally, the fifth chapter presents the conclusions, with a synthesis of the results and a discussion of the research limitations. In this way, the study aims to contribute to the understanding of gender inequalities in the Italian labor market, emphasizing that these inequalities are not limited to objective differences in career or pay, but are also fueled by cultural expectations, organizational practices, and everyday interactions.
Il tema delle disuguaglianze di genere nel mondo del lavoro rappresenta, ancora oggi, una delle questioni più rilevanti e dibattute all’interno delle scienze sociali. Nonostante i cambiamenti culturali avvenuti negli ultimi decenni e la crescente presenza femminile nel mercato occupazionale, persistono ancora barriere visibili e invisibili che condizionano in maniera significativa i percorsi professionali di uomini e donne. L’idea che la parità sia ormai raggiunta si scontra infatti con dati ed esperienze quotidiane che mettono in evidenza la persistenza di stereotipi, discriminazioni e aspettative differenti legate al genere. È in questo scenario che si colloca la presente ricerca, la quale vuole approfondire come le aspettative sociali, culturali e organizzative influenzino concretamente le traiettorie lavorative in Italia. Il punto di partenza è rappresentato da un interrogativo centrale: in che modo le aspettative di genere condizionano i percorsi professionali di uomini e donne nel contesto italiano contemporaneo? A partire da questa domanda, la tesi vuole indagare come queste aspettative influenzino sia l’accesso alle opportunità sia lo sviluppo delle carriere, soffermandosi in particolare su tre dimensioni: la distribuzione dei ruoli e delle responsabilità, la conciliazione tra lavoro e vita privata, e le differenze generazionali. Per rispondere alla domanda di ricerca, è stato scelto un approccio qualitativo, basato sulla realizzazione di interviste semi-strutturate a uomini e donne impegnati in settori e posizioni differenti. Questo metodo ha consentito di raccogliere testimonianze dirette, ricostruendo le esperienze e i vissuti dei partecipanti, e di mettere in evidenza aspetti difficilmente rilevabili attraverso strumenti quantitativi. Le interviste hanno affrontato temi legati alle dinamiche di riconoscimento professionale, alle esperienze di discriminazione e ai modelli familiari di riferimento. La tesi è articolata in cinque capitoli. Nel primo capitolo viene presentato il quadro teorico di riferimento, che attraversa differenti prospettive sociologiche: dal funzionalismo classico, che interpretava la divisione dei ruoli come elemento di stabilità sociale, fino alle teorie critiche e femministe, che hanno messo in luce le disuguaglianze strutturali e le modalità con cui il genere viene quotidianamente riprodotto attraverso pratiche e interazioni. Nel secondo capitolo si descrive la metodologia adottata, basata su un approccio qualitativo e sull’uso delle interviste semi-strutturate, scelte per dare voce alle esperienze soggettive e restituire la complessità delle traiettorie individuali. Il terzo capitolo è dedicato alla presentazione delle interviste, che offrono uno spaccato delle esperienze di uomini e donne in contesti professionali diversi, evidenziando sia le difficoltà che le strategie messe in atto per affrontarle. Nel quarto capitolo i dati raccolti vengono messi a confronto con il quadro teorico, in modo da evidenziare conferme, contraddizioni ed elementi di novità. Infine, il quinto capitolo propone le conclusioni, con una sintesi dei risultati e la discussione dei limiti della ricerca. In questo modo, il lavoro intende offrire un contributo alla comprensione delle disuguaglianze di genere nel mercato del lavoro italiano, evidenziando come esse non si esauriscano in differenze oggettive di carriera o retribuzione, ma si alimentino anche di aspettative culturali, pratiche organizzative e relazioni quotidiane.
Le aspettative di genere nel mondo del lavoro: un'analisi qualitativa dei percorsi professionali di uomini e donne in Italia
MANDRIOLI, TRUDI
2024/2025
Abstract
The issue of gender inequalities in the labor market still represents one of the most relevant and debated topics within the social sciences. Despite the cultural changes of recent decades and the growing presence of women in the workforce, visible and invisible barriers persist that significantly shape the professional paths of men and women. The idea that equality has already been achieved clashes with data and daily experiences that highlight the persistence of stereotypes, discrimination, and different expectations linked to gender. It is within this context that the present research is situated, aiming to explore how social, cultural, and organizational expectations concretely influence career trajectories in Italy. The starting point is a central question: in what ways do gender expectations affect the professional paths of men and women in contemporary Italian society? Building on this question, the thesis investigates how these expectations influence both access to opportunities and career development, focusing in particular on three dimensions: the distribution of roles and responsibilities, the balance between work and private life, and generational differences. To answer the research question, a qualitative approach was chosen, based on semi-structured interviews with men and women engaged in different sectors and positions. This method made it possible to collect direct testimonies, reconstructing the participants’ experiences and perspectives, and to highlight aspects that are difficult to detect through quantitative tools. The interviews addressed themes related to professional recognition, experiences of discrimination, and family models of reference. The thesis is organized into five chapters. The first chapter presents the theoretical framework, which spans different sociological perspectives: from classical functionalism, which interpreted the division of roles as a factor of social stability, to critical and feminist theories, which shed light on structural inequalities and the ways in which gender is reproduced daily through practices and interactions. The second chapter describes the adopted methodology, based on a qualitative approach and the use of semi-structured interviews, chosen to give voice to subjective experiences and capture the complexity of individual trajectories. The third chapter is dedicated to the presentation of the interviews, which provide an overview of the experiences of men and women in different professional contexts, highlighting both the difficulties and the strategies developed to face them. In the fourth chapter, the collected data are compared with the theoretical framework, in order to identify confirmations, contradictions, and new elements. Finally, the fifth chapter presents the conclusions, with a synthesis of the results and a discussion of the research limitations. In this way, the study aims to contribute to the understanding of gender inequalities in the Italian labor market, emphasizing that these inequalities are not limited to objective differences in career or pay, but are also fueled by cultural expectations, organizational practices, and everyday interactions.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/95404