Youth migration from Albania in the period 2000–2025 represents one of the most significant phenomena for understanding the country’s social, economic, and political transformations. This thesis investigates the nexus between youth mobility and sustainable development, showing how the departure of young people in search of better educational and employment opportunities is not an occasional event but a structural dynamic destined to shape Albania’s long-term growth prospects. Statistical evidence highlights that the 18–34 age group is the most involved in migratory flows, with substantial implications for human capital, demographic balance, and the country’s innovative capacity. The main causes lie in the persistent shortage of qualified job opportunities, the uneven quality of the educational system, and limited trust in institutions. The consequences are reflected in the depopulation of rural areas, a marked demographic decline, and the loss of intellectual resources, often defined as brain drain. However, youth migration does not exclusively represent a loss. Through economic and social remittances, the diaspora supports households, strengthens economic resilience, and introduces innovative practices and new forms of social capital. The role of the youth diaspora thus emerges as crucial for co-development, provided that public policies are designed to valorize these resources. The theoretical and normative framework is provided by the 2030 Agenda, particularly SDGs 4 (quality education), 8 (decent work and economic growth), 10 (reduced inequalities), and 16 (strong institutions), which serve as guiding pillars for migration and development policies. Within the broader context of EU accession, Albania is called to integrate youth mobility management into strategies for sustainable and inclusive growth, promoting circular migration and reintegration programs for young emigrants. The thesis concludes with a set of policy recommendations ranging from the strengthening of the education and vocational training system to the promotion of youth entrepreneurship and the consolidation of dialogue with the diaspora. Youth migration, far from being merely a challenge, can thus be transformed into a strategic opportunity to rethink Albania’s future in a sustainable and European perspective.
La migrazione giovanile dall’Albania nel periodo 2000–2025 costituisce uno dei fenomeni più incisivi per comprendere le trasformazioni sociali, economiche e politiche del Paese. L’analisi condotta in questa tesi intende indagare il nesso tra mobilità giovanile e sviluppo sostenibile, evidenziando come la partenza di giovani in cerca di migliori opportunità educative e lavorative non sia un evento episodico, bensì una dinamica strutturale destinata a influenzare a lungo termine le prospettive di crescita nazionale. I dati mostrano come la fascia 18–34 anni sia la più coinvolta nei flussi migratori, con implicazioni significative per il capitale umano, l’equilibrio demografico e la capacità innovativa del Paese. Le cause principali vanno ricercate nella persistente carenza di opportunità occupazionali qualificate, nella qualità ancora disomogenea del sistema educativo e in una fiducia limitata verso le istituzioni. Le conseguenze si riflettono in un progressivo spopolamento delle aree rurali, in un marcato calo demografico e nella perdita di risorse intellettuali preziose, spesso qualificata come brain drain. Tuttavia, la migrazione giovanile non rappresenta esclusivamente una perdita: attraverso rimesse economiche e sociali, la diaspora contribuisce a sostenere le famiglie, a rafforzare la resilienza economica e a introdurre pratiche innovative e nuove forme di capitale sociale. Il ruolo della diaspora giovanile si configura dunque come cruciale per il co-sviluppo, a condizione che vengano predisposte politiche pubbliche capaci di valorizzare tali risorse. Il quadro teorico e normativo di riferimento è quello dell’Agenda 2030, in particolare gli SDG 4 (istruzione di qualità), 8 (lavoro dignitoso e crescita economica), 10 (riduzione delle disuguaglianze) e 16 (istituzioni solide), che forniscono una cornice per orientare le politiche migratorie e di sviluppo. Nel contesto del percorso di adesione all’Unione Europea, l’Albania è chiamata a integrare la gestione della mobilità giovanile nelle strategie di crescita sostenibile e inclusiva, favorendo forme di migrazione circolare e programmi di reintegrazione per i giovani emigrati. La tesi propone, in conclusione, una serie di raccomandazioni di policy che spaziano dal rafforzamento del sistema educativo e della formazione tecnica alla promozione dell’imprenditorialità giovanile, fino al consolidamento del dialogo con la diaspora. La migrazione giovanile, da criticità, può così diventare un’opportunità strategica per ripensare il futuro dell’Albania in chiave sostenibile ed europea.
Migrazione giovanile e sviluppo sostenibile in Albania
KAJA, ANDY
2024/2025
Abstract
Youth migration from Albania in the period 2000–2025 represents one of the most significant phenomena for understanding the country’s social, economic, and political transformations. This thesis investigates the nexus between youth mobility and sustainable development, showing how the departure of young people in search of better educational and employment opportunities is not an occasional event but a structural dynamic destined to shape Albania’s long-term growth prospects. Statistical evidence highlights that the 18–34 age group is the most involved in migratory flows, with substantial implications for human capital, demographic balance, and the country’s innovative capacity. The main causes lie in the persistent shortage of qualified job opportunities, the uneven quality of the educational system, and limited trust in institutions. The consequences are reflected in the depopulation of rural areas, a marked demographic decline, and the loss of intellectual resources, often defined as brain drain. However, youth migration does not exclusively represent a loss. Through economic and social remittances, the diaspora supports households, strengthens economic resilience, and introduces innovative practices and new forms of social capital. The role of the youth diaspora thus emerges as crucial for co-development, provided that public policies are designed to valorize these resources. The theoretical and normative framework is provided by the 2030 Agenda, particularly SDGs 4 (quality education), 8 (decent work and economic growth), 10 (reduced inequalities), and 16 (strong institutions), which serve as guiding pillars for migration and development policies. Within the broader context of EU accession, Albania is called to integrate youth mobility management into strategies for sustainable and inclusive growth, promoting circular migration and reintegration programs for young emigrants. The thesis concludes with a set of policy recommendations ranging from the strengthening of the education and vocational training system to the promotion of youth entrepreneurship and the consolidation of dialogue with the diaspora. Youth migration, far from being merely a challenge, can thus be transformed into a strategic opportunity to rethink Albania’s future in a sustainable and European perspective.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/95901