This thesis critically examines Romania’s Euro-Atlantic integration, interpreting it not as a mere formal accession to NATO and the European Union, but as a comprehensive reconfiguration of the country’s geopolitical, military, and diplomatic positioning. The analysis covers the period from Romania’s entry into NATO in 2004 to the outbreak of the war in Ukraine in 2022 and the most recent developments within the evolving European security architecture. Through a multidisciplinary approach, the research highlights how Romania has progressively assumed the role of a “strategic hinge” between the Euro-Atlantic West and the systemic tensions of Eastern Europe, in a context marked by recurring crises, structural shifts, and challenges to national sovereignty. The first part of the thesis traces the post-communist transition and the dual process of Euro-Atlantic integration, with particular attention to the tensions between formal membership in multilateral structures and the constraints they impose on national decision-making autonomy and the redefinition of strategic interests. Romania’s geographical position—between the Black Sea, the Balkans, and the eastern frontier of the European Union—is shown to have intensified geopolitical pressure, making the country both a crucial actor and an exposed one. The second part analyzes in depth three turning points: the Russo-Georgian war of 2008, the Ukrainian crisis of 2014, and the full-scale invasion of 2022. These events are interpreted as successive phases in the consolidation of Romania’s role within NATO, highlighting the gradual strengthening of military infrastructure, the reorganization of defense postures, and the growing diplomatic relevance of the country in coordination with Western allies. Special emphasis is placed on the interplay between deterrence and vulnerability, between active participation and the structural limitations imposed by geography and strategic dependency. Finally, the thesis explores the internal dimension of Romania’s strategic role: the construction of public consensus around a Euro-Atlantic identity, the management of humanitarian and logistical flows, the transformation of political discourse, and the resilience of institutions in an increasingly securitized context. Romania thus emerges as an emblematic case of a pivot state within a multilateral security system—one whose trajectory reflects both the opportunities of integration and the ambiguities of sovereignty mediated by alliances and external crises.
La presente tesi esamina il processo di integrazione euro-atlantica della Romania, interpretandolo non come semplice adesione formale alla NATO e all’Unione Europea, ma come una riconfigurazione del posizionamento geopolitico, militare e diplomatico del Paese. L’analisi si sviluppa lungo un arco temporale che va dall’ingresso nella NATO (2004) fino alla guerra in Ucraina del 2022 e agli sviluppi più recenti nel quadro della sicurezza europea. Attraverso un approccio multidisciplinare, la ricerca evidenzia come la Romania abbia assunto progressivamente il ruolo di "cerniera strategica" tra l’Occidente euro-atlantico e le tensioni sistemiche dell’Est europeo, in un contesto segnato da crisi ricorrenti, mutamenti strutturali e sfide alla sovranità nazionale. La prima parte della tesi ripercorre la transizione post-comunista e il doppio processo di integrazione euro-atlantica, con particolare attenzione alle tensioni tra l’adesione a strutture multilaterali e i vincoli che ne derivano in termini di autonomia decisionale e ridefinizione degli interessi strategici. Viene evidenziato come la collocazione geografica – tra il Mar Nero, i Balcani e la frontiera orientale dell’Unione – abbia acuito la pressione geopolitica sulla Romania, rendendola un attore cruciale ma anche esposto. La seconda parte analizza in dettaglio tre momenti di svolta: la guerra russo-georgiana del 2008, la crisi ucraina del 2014 e l’invasione su larga scala del 2022. Questi eventi sono letti come fasi successive di consolidamento del ruolo romeno all’interno della NATO, evidenziando il progressivo rafforzamento delle infrastrutture militari, la riorganizzazione delle posture difensive, nonché la crescente importanza diplomatica del Paese nel coordinamento con gli alleati occidentali. Particolare rilievo è dato al rapporto tra deterrenza e vulnerabilità, tra partecipazione attiva e limiti strutturali imposti dalla geografia e dalla dipendenza strategica. Infine, la tesi indaga la dimensione interna del ruolo strategico della Romania: la costruzione del consenso pubblico attorno all’identità euro-atlantica, la gestione dei flussi umanitari e logistici, le trasformazioni del discorso politico e la resilienza delle istituzioni in un contesto di crescente militarizzazione della sicurezza. La Romania emerge così come un caso emblematico di Stato “pivot” in un sistema di sicurezza multilaterale, la cui traiettoria riflette tanto le opportunità dell’integrazione quanto le ambiguità di una sovranità mediata da alleanze e crisi esterne.
Cerniera Strategica: la Romania tra integrazione euro-atlantica e sfide geopolitiche.
BRUNO, MICHELE
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis critically examines Romania’s Euro-Atlantic integration, interpreting it not as a mere formal accession to NATO and the European Union, but as a comprehensive reconfiguration of the country’s geopolitical, military, and diplomatic positioning. The analysis covers the period from Romania’s entry into NATO in 2004 to the outbreak of the war in Ukraine in 2022 and the most recent developments within the evolving European security architecture. Through a multidisciplinary approach, the research highlights how Romania has progressively assumed the role of a “strategic hinge” between the Euro-Atlantic West and the systemic tensions of Eastern Europe, in a context marked by recurring crises, structural shifts, and challenges to national sovereignty. The first part of the thesis traces the post-communist transition and the dual process of Euro-Atlantic integration, with particular attention to the tensions between formal membership in multilateral structures and the constraints they impose on national decision-making autonomy and the redefinition of strategic interests. Romania’s geographical position—between the Black Sea, the Balkans, and the eastern frontier of the European Union—is shown to have intensified geopolitical pressure, making the country both a crucial actor and an exposed one. The second part analyzes in depth three turning points: the Russo-Georgian war of 2008, the Ukrainian crisis of 2014, and the full-scale invasion of 2022. These events are interpreted as successive phases in the consolidation of Romania’s role within NATO, highlighting the gradual strengthening of military infrastructure, the reorganization of defense postures, and the growing diplomatic relevance of the country in coordination with Western allies. Special emphasis is placed on the interplay between deterrence and vulnerability, between active participation and the structural limitations imposed by geography and strategic dependency. Finally, the thesis explores the internal dimension of Romania’s strategic role: the construction of public consensus around a Euro-Atlantic identity, the management of humanitarian and logistical flows, the transformation of political discourse, and the resilience of institutions in an increasingly securitized context. Romania thus emerges as an emblematic case of a pivot state within a multilateral security system—one whose trajectory reflects both the opportunities of integration and the ambiguities of sovereignty mediated by alliances and external crises.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/96025