The first chapter of this paper focuses on the analysis of the face as a special stimulus, emphasizing how it is processed more easily and efficiently than other elements due to its social and communicative importance. Furthermore, it is characterized by a specific neural network (FFA, OFA, LO, STS), common to non-human primates, which develops early but is enhanced and refined through experience and whose alteration can lead to pathologies such as prosopagnosia. Subsequently, the main cognitive models of recognition and their evolution in line with scientific discoveries are presented, highlighting how faces are processed through distinct mental mechanisms that allow for holistic analysis and the extrapolation of visual and biographical information. The second chapter presents the Eye Tracker tool, how it has been developed to become less invasive and more accurate, and its characteristics with reference to the parameters to be considered to ensure high data quality. Next, the main eye movements are explored, with particular attention to saccades and fixations and the fundamentals of pupillometry, with a mention of the variables that affect pupil diameter. In addition, the use of this tool in face recognition is presented, showing the typical eye sampling patterns of these stimuli, individual differences, and movements reserved for familiar elements. The third chapter delves into the forensic context, highlighting the environmental and individual factors that influence witness memory and recognition as a source of miscarriage of justice (Innocence Project), also providing examples of real cases. Next, some sources of identification failure are introduced, both during the encoding and retrieval periods, and the use of the eye tracker as a possible memory detector, in combination with traditional tools. Finally, legislative and procedural measures are presented to make this evidence more reliable, with specific guidelines for conducting and structuring lineups. In the last chapter, the current study is presented, which is based on a face identification task, considered a variant of CIT, to analyze: how emotional content (conveyed by the presentation of scenes with different degrees of criminal behavior) influences the type of behavioral response; the role of personality and socio-demographic characteristics on performance and the presence of oculomotor variables (frequency and duration of fixations and number, amplitude, and speed of saccades) as implicit markers of correct or incorrect identification.
Il seguente elaborato, nel primo capitolo, si focalizza sull’analisi del volto come stimolo speciale, sottolineando come sia processato con più facilità ed efficienza rispetto ad altri elementi a causa della sua importanza a livello sociale e comunicativo. Inoltre, è caratterizzato da un network neurale specifico (FFA, OFA, LO, STS), comune ai primati non umani, che si sviluppa precocemente, ma viene potenziato e raffinato grazie all’esperienza e la cui alterazione può portare a patologie come la prosopagnosia. Successivamente, vengono esposti i principali modelli cognitivi del riconoscimento e la loro evoluzione in linea con le scoperte scientifiche, che evidenziano come i volti siano elaborati tramite meccanismi mentali distinti che permettono un’analisi olistica e l’estrapolazione delle informazioni visive e biografiche. Nel secondo capitolo è presentato lo strumento dell’Eye tracker, come si è sviluppato affinchè diventasse meno invasivo e maggiormente accurato e le sue caratteristiche con riferimento ai parametri da considerare per garantire un’alta qualità dei dati. In seguito, sono esplorati i principali movimenti oculari con particolare attenzione alle saccadi e alle fissazioni e i fondamenti della pupillometria, con un accenno alle variabili che influiscono sul diametro pupillare. Oltre a ciò, viene presentato l’utilizzo di questo strumento nel riconoscimento dei volti, mostrando i pattern tipici di campionamento oculare di questi stimoli, le differenze individuali e i movimenti riservati ad elementi noti. Nel terzo capitolo viene approfondito il contesto forense, sottolineando i fattori ambientali e individuali che influiscono sulla memoria del testimone e il riconoscimento come fonte di errore giudiziario (Innocence Project), portando anche degli esempi di casi reali. Poi. vengono introdotte alcune fonti del fallimento dell’identificazione sia durante il periodo di codifica che di recupero e l’utilizzo dell’eye tracker come possibile memory detector, in combinazione con gli strumenti tradizionali. Infine, vengono esposti gli accorgimenti legislativi e procedurali per rendere tale prova più attendibile, con una specifica sulle linee guida per la conduzione e strutturazione delle line up. Nell’ultimo capitolo, viene presentato lo studio attuale che si basa su un task di individuazione dei volti, considerato una variante del CIT, per analizzare: come il contenuto emotivo (veicolato dalla presentazione di scene con una diversa gradazione di comportamento criminale) influenza il tipo di risposta comportamentale; il ruolo delle caratteristiche di personalità e socio-demografiche sulla performance e la presenza di variabili ocolomotrici ( frequenza e durata delle fissazioni e numero, ampiezza e velocità delle saccadi) come marker impliciti di una corretta o errata individuazione.
Testimonianza oculare in ambito forense: analisi dei movimenti oculari e delle differenze individuali nel riconoscimento dei volti
BASSI, ELEONORA
2024/2025
Abstract
The first chapter of this paper focuses on the analysis of the face as a special stimulus, emphasizing how it is processed more easily and efficiently than other elements due to its social and communicative importance. Furthermore, it is characterized by a specific neural network (FFA, OFA, LO, STS), common to non-human primates, which develops early but is enhanced and refined through experience and whose alteration can lead to pathologies such as prosopagnosia. Subsequently, the main cognitive models of recognition and their evolution in line with scientific discoveries are presented, highlighting how faces are processed through distinct mental mechanisms that allow for holistic analysis and the extrapolation of visual and biographical information. The second chapter presents the Eye Tracker tool, how it has been developed to become less invasive and more accurate, and its characteristics with reference to the parameters to be considered to ensure high data quality. Next, the main eye movements are explored, with particular attention to saccades and fixations and the fundamentals of pupillometry, with a mention of the variables that affect pupil diameter. In addition, the use of this tool in face recognition is presented, showing the typical eye sampling patterns of these stimuli, individual differences, and movements reserved for familiar elements. The third chapter delves into the forensic context, highlighting the environmental and individual factors that influence witness memory and recognition as a source of miscarriage of justice (Innocence Project), also providing examples of real cases. Next, some sources of identification failure are introduced, both during the encoding and retrieval periods, and the use of the eye tracker as a possible memory detector, in combination with traditional tools. Finally, legislative and procedural measures are presented to make this evidence more reliable, with specific guidelines for conducting and structuring lineups. In the last chapter, the current study is presented, which is based on a face identification task, considered a variant of CIT, to analyze: how emotional content (conveyed by the presentation of scenes with different degrees of criminal behavior) influences the type of behavioral response; the role of personality and socio-demographic characteristics on performance and the presence of oculomotor variables (frequency and duration of fixations and number, amplitude, and speed of saccades) as implicit markers of correct or incorrect identification.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/96192