Obesity represents one of the main global health emergencies, both due to its increasing prevalence and its significant impact in terms of morbidity, mortality, and socio-healthcare costs. Similar to Eating and Feeding Disorders (EFDs), obesity absorbs a substantial share of public health resources, making a systematic exploration of its characteristics, risk factors, and potential treatment strategies essential. This pathological condition is widely recognized as multifactorial and complex: it cannot be explained solely by an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure, but involves the interaction of biological, genetic, environmental, behavioral, psychological, and social factors. Such complexity makes obesity difficult to categorize within a single clinical framework, requiring a multidimensional approach in both assessment and therapeutic intervention. In recent years, the need has emerged to move beyond the view of obesity as a homogeneous condition, instead recognizing the existence of different phenotypes—not only metabolic but also psychological. From this perspective, identifying emotional, cognitive, and behavioral profiles within the obese population can provide useful indications for more accurate classification and for the implementation of personalized treatments. For instance, some individuals may display relatively stable eating behaviors, while others show significant traits of dysregulation, such as in the case of comorbidity with Binge Eating Disorder (BED). This thesis is part of a broader research project, with a particular focus on the differentiation between genetic and psychological phenotypes. Specifically, the objective is to compare two groups of adult subjects diagnosed with obesity: one composed of individuals with obesity alone and the other consisting of individuals with obesity and comorbid BED, in order to identify potential differences in eating patterns and in emotional-behavioral aspects. To support this analysis, an integrated comparison will be conducted using data from three sources: the current scientific literature, self-report questionnaires administered to the participants, and an original structured interview developed specifically by the researchers involved in the project. This latter instrument was designed to more deeply and qualitatively explore some central aspects of the experiential and psychological dimensions related to obesity. The identification of specific psychological phenotypes within obesity may represent a key element in the definition of more targeted clinical interventions, capable of responding in a differentiated manner to the individual characteristics of patients. This approach is particularly relevant in a socio-cultural context where the availability of food is abundant and constant, and where psychological vulnerabilities can amplify the risk of developing a dysfunctional relationship with food. Understanding these dynamics is essential not only for treatment but also for long-term prevention.
L’obesità rappresenta una delle principali emergenze sanitarie a livello globale, sia per la sua crescente prevalenza, sia per l’elevato impatto in termini di morbilità, mortalità e costi socio-sanitari. Al pari dei Disturbi della Nutrizione e dell’Alimentazione (DNA), l’obesità assorbe una quota significativa delle risorse economiche destinate alla salute pubblica, rendendo imprescindibile un approfondimento sistematico delle sue caratteristiche, dei fattori di rischio e delle possibili strategie di trattamento. Questa condizione patologica è ampiamente riconosciuta come multifattoriale e complessa: non può essere spiegata unicamente da uno squilibrio tra introito calorico e dispendio energetico, ma implica l’interazione tra fattori biologici, genetici, ambientali, comportamentali, psicologici e sociali. Tale complessità rende l’obesità difficilmente inquadrabile in un’unica categoria clinica, richiedendo un approccio multidimensionale sia nella valutazione che nell’intervento terapeutico. Negli ultimi anni è emersa l’esigenza di superare la visione dell’obesità come condizione omogenea, riconoscendo invece l’esistenza di diversi fenotipi, non solo metabolici ma anche psicologici. In questa prospettiva, distinguere i profili emotivi, cognitivi e comportamentali all’interno della popolazione con obesità può fornire indicazioni utili per una classificazione più accurata e per l’implementazione di trattamenti personalizzati. Ad esempio, alcuni individui possono presentare un comportamento alimentare relativamente stabile, mentre altri mostrano importanti tratti di disregolazione, come nel caso della comorbidità con il Binge Eating Disorder (BED). La presente tesi si inserisce all’interno di un più ampio progetto di ricerca, ponendo particolare attenzione alla differenziazione tra fenotipi genetici e psicologici. In particolare, l’obiettivo è quello di confrontare due gruppi di soggetti adulti con diagnosi di obesità: uno composto da individui con sola obesità e l’altro da soggetti con obesità e comorbidità con BED, al fine di individuare eventuali differenze nei pattern alimentari, e negli aspetti emotivo-comportamentali. A supporto di questa analisi, verrà condotto un confronto integrato tra i dati provenienti da tre fonti: la letteratura scientifica attuale, i questionari self-report somministrati ai partecipanti e un'intervista strutturata originale, elaborata appositamente dai ricercatori coinvolti nel progetto. Quest’ultimo strumento, è stato sviluppato con l’intento di esplorare in modo più approfondito e qualitativo alcuni aspetti centrali del vissuto esperienziale e psicologico legato all’obesità. L’identificazione di specifici fenotipi psicologici nell’ambito dell’obesità può rappresentare un elemento chiave per la definizione di interventi clinici più mirati, capaci di rispondere in modo differenziato alle caratteristiche individuali dei pazienti. Tale approccio risulta particolarmente rilevante in un contesto socio-culturale in cui la disponibilità di cibo è ampia e costante, e in cui le vulnerabilità psicologiche possono amplificare il rischio di sviluppare una relazione disfunzionale con l’alimentazione. Comprendere tali dinamiche è essenziale non solo per il trattamento, ma anche per la prevenzione a lungo termine.
Determinanti ed esperienze associate ai comportamenti alimentari in persone con obesità in trattamento: una nuova intervista strutturata
BAGLIO, CHIARA
2024/2025
Abstract
Obesity represents one of the main global health emergencies, both due to its increasing prevalence and its significant impact in terms of morbidity, mortality, and socio-healthcare costs. Similar to Eating and Feeding Disorders (EFDs), obesity absorbs a substantial share of public health resources, making a systematic exploration of its characteristics, risk factors, and potential treatment strategies essential. This pathological condition is widely recognized as multifactorial and complex: it cannot be explained solely by an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure, but involves the interaction of biological, genetic, environmental, behavioral, psychological, and social factors. Such complexity makes obesity difficult to categorize within a single clinical framework, requiring a multidimensional approach in both assessment and therapeutic intervention. In recent years, the need has emerged to move beyond the view of obesity as a homogeneous condition, instead recognizing the existence of different phenotypes—not only metabolic but also psychological. From this perspective, identifying emotional, cognitive, and behavioral profiles within the obese population can provide useful indications for more accurate classification and for the implementation of personalized treatments. For instance, some individuals may display relatively stable eating behaviors, while others show significant traits of dysregulation, such as in the case of comorbidity with Binge Eating Disorder (BED). This thesis is part of a broader research project, with a particular focus on the differentiation between genetic and psychological phenotypes. Specifically, the objective is to compare two groups of adult subjects diagnosed with obesity: one composed of individuals with obesity alone and the other consisting of individuals with obesity and comorbid BED, in order to identify potential differences in eating patterns and in emotional-behavioral aspects. To support this analysis, an integrated comparison will be conducted using data from three sources: the current scientific literature, self-report questionnaires administered to the participants, and an original structured interview developed specifically by the researchers involved in the project. This latter instrument was designed to more deeply and qualitatively explore some central aspects of the experiential and psychological dimensions related to obesity. The identification of specific psychological phenotypes within obesity may represent a key element in the definition of more targeted clinical interventions, capable of responding in a differentiated manner to the individual characteristics of patients. This approach is particularly relevant in a socio-cultural context where the availability of food is abundant and constant, and where psychological vulnerabilities can amplify the risk of developing a dysfunctional relationship with food. Understanding these dynamics is essential not only for treatment but also for long-term prevention.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/96294