Diabetes mellitus is one of the most widespread chronic pathologies worldwide. It is characterized by its high clinical-care complexity and significant impact on the quality of life of patients. In type 1 diabetes, one of the most critical management challenges is the alba phenomenon, which needs targeted therapeutic strategies, to reduce morning hyperglycemia. In parallel, in type 2 diabetes, new classes of drugs have been introduced following recent pharmacological advances, such as GLP-1 agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors, which make a more targeted and personalized therapeutic approach possible. This paper aims to delve deeper into the “alba phenomenon” in type 1 diabetes, paying special attention to therapeutic strategies and their effectiveness; evaluating the new therapies available for type 2 diabetes, emphasizing their benefits compared to traditional treatments and the limitations related to potential side effects and use restrictions; and highlighting, finally, the significance of therapeutic education and nursing education in the management of the patient with diabetes mellitus, promoting a personalized and multidisciplinary model of care. The study included a literature review, obtained by means of the analysis of the Pubmed database. Below are the keywords used to search for sources: “Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus”, “Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus”, “Morning hyperglycemia”, “Insuline sensitivity”, “Glycemic variability”, “Continuous glycaemic monitoring”, “Insulin therapy”, “Nursing education”, “Therapeutic education”. The results show that, in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, highly personalized strategies are required that consider, in addition to clinical efficacy, the individual needs of the patient and economic sustainability. In type 1 diabetes, the sunrise phenomenon constitutes a significant challenge. Among effective strategies, technological therapeutic approaches such as continuous blood glucose monitoring (CGM) devices and pumpers, which allow maximum glycemic control, however, have limited accessibility; alternatively, basal insulins and combined regimens represent more accessible options, but they too have restrictions in terms of applicability. In type 2 diabetes, the introduction of new drugs and the variability of treatment regimens dictate continuous nursing education and modulation of the care pathway according to the patient's needs. In both cases, therapeutic education and nursing education play a crucial role in promoting patient self-management, optimizing therapeutic adherence and preventing possible complications.
Il diabete mellito è una delle patologie croniche più diffuse a livello mondiale. Si contraddistingue per l’elevata complessità clinico-assistenziale e per l’impatto significativo sulla qualità di vita dei pazienti. Nel diabete di tipo 1, una delle sfide gestionali più critiche è il fenomeno alba, che necessita di strategie terapeutiche mirate, per ridurre l’iperglicemia mattutina. Parallelamente, nel diabete di tipo 2, sono state introdotte nuove classi di farmaci a seguito dei recenti progressi farmacologici, come agonisti GLP-1 e inibitori SGLT-2, che rendono possibile un approccio terapeutico più mirato e personalizzato. Il presente elaborato si propone di approfondire il “fenomeno alba” nel diabete di tipo 1, ponendo particolare attenzione alle strategie terapeutiche e alla loro efficacia; valutare le nuove terapie disponibili per il diabete di tipo 2, sottolineandone i benefici rispetto ai trattamenti tradizionali e i limiti legati a potenziali effetti collaterali e restrizioni d’uso; ed evidenziando, infine, la significatività dell’educazione terapeutica e della formazione infermieristica nella gestione del paziente con diabete mellito, promuovendo un modello di cura personalizzato e multidisciplinare. Lo studio ha previsto una revisione della letteratura, ottenuta mediante l’analisi della banca dati Pubmed. Di seguito sono riportate le parole chiave utilizzate per la ricerca delle fonti: “Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus”, “Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus”, “Morning hyperglycemia”, “Insuline sensitivity”, “Glycemic variability”, “Continuous glycaemic monitoring”, “Insulin therapy”, “Nursing education”, “Therapeutic education”. I risultati mostrano che, sia nel diabete di tipo 1 sia in quello di tipo 2, siano richieste strategie fortemente personalizzate che considerino, oltre all’efficacia clinica, le esigenze individuali del paziente e la sostenibilità economica. Nel diabete di tipo 1, il fenomeno alba costituisce una sfida rilevante. Tra le strategie efficaci, gli approcci terapeutici tecnologici come i dispositivi per il monitoraggio continuo della glicemia (CGM) e i microinfusori, che permettono il massimo controllo glicemico, tuttavia, presentano un’accessibilità limitata; in alternativa, le insuline basali e i regimi combinati rappresentano opzioni più accessibili, ma anch’esse presentano restrizioni in termini di applicabilità. Nel diabete di tipo 2, l’introduzione di nuovi farmaci e la variabilità dei regimi terapeutici impongono una formazione infermieristica continua e una modulazione del percorso di cura in base alle esigenze del paziente. In ambedue i casi, l’educazione terapeutica e la formazione infermieristica rivestono un ruolo cruciale nel promuovere l’autogestione del paziente, nell’ottimizzare l’aderenza terapeutica e nella prevenzione di possibili complicanze.
Diabete e fenomeno alba: revisione delle strategie terapeutiche
BIROLO, GAIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most widespread chronic pathologies worldwide. It is characterized by its high clinical-care complexity and significant impact on the quality of life of patients. In type 1 diabetes, one of the most critical management challenges is the alba phenomenon, which needs targeted therapeutic strategies, to reduce morning hyperglycemia. In parallel, in type 2 diabetes, new classes of drugs have been introduced following recent pharmacological advances, such as GLP-1 agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors, which make a more targeted and personalized therapeutic approach possible. This paper aims to delve deeper into the “alba phenomenon” in type 1 diabetes, paying special attention to therapeutic strategies and their effectiveness; evaluating the new therapies available for type 2 diabetes, emphasizing their benefits compared to traditional treatments and the limitations related to potential side effects and use restrictions; and highlighting, finally, the significance of therapeutic education and nursing education in the management of the patient with diabetes mellitus, promoting a personalized and multidisciplinary model of care. The study included a literature review, obtained by means of the analysis of the Pubmed database. Below are the keywords used to search for sources: “Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus”, “Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus”, “Morning hyperglycemia”, “Insuline sensitivity”, “Glycemic variability”, “Continuous glycaemic monitoring”, “Insulin therapy”, “Nursing education”, “Therapeutic education”. The results show that, in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, highly personalized strategies are required that consider, in addition to clinical efficacy, the individual needs of the patient and economic sustainability. In type 1 diabetes, the sunrise phenomenon constitutes a significant challenge. Among effective strategies, technological therapeutic approaches such as continuous blood glucose monitoring (CGM) devices and pumpers, which allow maximum glycemic control, however, have limited accessibility; alternatively, basal insulins and combined regimens represent more accessible options, but they too have restrictions in terms of applicability. In type 2 diabetes, the introduction of new drugs and the variability of treatment regimens dictate continuous nursing education and modulation of the care pathway according to the patient's needs. In both cases, therapeutic education and nursing education play a crucial role in promoting patient self-management, optimizing therapeutic adherence and preventing possible complications.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/97270