Introduction Suicide represents one of the leading causes of death worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, more than 700,000 people die by suicide each year, with an estimated twenty attempts for every death. Nurses, due to their close relationship with patients, play a crucial role in prevention, early recognition of risk signals, and crisis management. However, the presence of stigma and misconceptions about suicide can compromise care and reduce the effectiveness of preventive interventions. Understanding the nature and impact of these attitudes is therefore essential to improving the nursing response to this phenomenon. Objectives The aim of this literature review is to analyze the presence of stigma and misconceptions among nurses regarding suicide and patients with suicidal ideation. The specific objective is to identify the individual, professional, and cultural factors that influence such attitudes and to determine the most effective strategies to reduce them, promoting nursing practice based on empathy, knowledge, and communication competence. Methods A literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, selecting articles published between 2007 and 2024 in Italian, English, and Spanish. Quantitative and qualitative empirical studies, as well as systematic reviews analyzing nurses’ knowledge, stigma, or misconceptions about suicide, were included. The analysis followed the PRISMA protocol to ensure methodological rigor and transparency in the selection process. After an initial search identifying 30 articles, 11 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Results The selected studies, originating from diverse geographical and cultural contexts, indicate that stigma toward suicide among nurses remains widespread. Many practitioners tend to interpret suicide as an act of weakness, selfishness, or moral failure rather than as an expression of profound psychological suffering. Several misconceptions were identified, such as the beliefs that “those who talk about suicide will not do it,” that “only patients with severe mental disorders attempt suicide,” or that “talking about suicide may encourage the act.” Factors such as age, gender, religiosity, professional experience, and lack of specific training were strongly associated with stigmatizing attitudes. Conversely, participation in training courses or programs on suicide prevention was correlated with greater empathy, awareness, and professional confidence. Conclusions Stigma and misconceptions about suicide remain significant barriers to prevention. It is essential to promote ongoing educational programs that integrate theoretical knowledge, relational skills, and emotional reflection, as well as to ensure organizational support and shared protocols. Investing in training and a culture of non-stigmatization enhances nurses’ ability to recognize and manage suicide risk, improves the quality of care, and contributes concretely to reducing suicide mortality. Increased professional and institutional awareness therefore represents a decisive step toward a more empathetic, competent, and prevention-oriented healthcare system. Keywords Suicide; stigma; nurses; misconceptions; mental health.
Introduzione Il suicidio rappresenta una delle principali cause di morte a livello globale. Ogni anno, secondo l’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità, oltre 700.000 persone muoiono per suicidio, con un tentativo stimato ogni venti decessi. Gli infermieri, per la loro posizione di prossimità nella relazione di cura, svolgono un ruolo essenziale nella prevenzione, nel riconoscimento precoce dei segnali di rischio e nella gestione delle situazioni di crisi. Tuttavia, la presenza di stigma e di false credenze riguardanti il suicidio può compromettere l’assistenza e ridurre l’efficacia degli interventi preventivi. Comprendere la natura e l’impatto di tali atteggiamenti è quindi fondamentale per migliorare la risposta infermieristica al fenomeno. Obiettivi Lo scopo di questa revisione di letteratura è analizzare la presenza di stigma e di credenze errate tra gli infermieri nei confronti del suicidio e dei pazienti con ideazione suicidaria. L’obiettivo specifico è individuare i fattori individuali, professionali e culturali che influenzano tali atteggiamenti e identificare le strategie più efficaci per ridurli, promuovendo una pratica infermieristica basata su empatia, conoscenza e competenza comunicativa. Metodi È stata condotta una revisione della letteratura consultando database come PubMed, Scopus e Google Scholar, selezionando articoli pubblicati tra il 2007 e il 2024 in lingua italiana, inglese e spagnola. Sono stati inclusi studi empirici quantitativi e qualitativi e revisioni sistematiche che analizzavano conoscenze, stigma o false credenze del personale infermieristico nei confronti del suicidio. L’analisi è stata condotta seguendo il protocollo PRISMA garantendo rigore metodologico e trasparenza nella selezione. Dopo una prima ricerca di 30 articoli, 11 studi hanno soddisfatto i criteri di inclusione e sono stati analizzati. Risultati Gli studi selezionati, provenienti da contesti geografici e culturali diversi mostrano che lo stigma nei confronti del suicidio tra gli infermieri è ancora diffuso. Molti operatori tendono a interpretare il suicidio come un atto di debolezza, egoismo o fallimento morale, piuttosto che come espressione di una sofferenza psicologica intensa. Sono state riscontrate numerose false credenze, come la convinzione che “chi parla di suicidio non lo farà”, che “solo i pazienti con gravi disturbi mentali tentano il suicidio” o che “parlare di suicidio possa incoraggiare il gesto”. Fattori come l’età, il genere, la religiosità, l’esperienza professionale e la mancanza di formazione specifica risultano fortemente associati alla presenza di atteggiamenti stigmatizzanti. Al contrario, la partecipazione a corsi o programmi formativi sulla prevenzione del suicidio è correlata a una maggiore empatia, consapevolezza e sicurezza operativa. Conclusioni Lo stigma e le false credenze sul suicidio costituiscono ancora una barriera rilevante nella prevenzione. È necessario promuovere percorsi formativi continuativi che integrino conoscenze teoriche, competenze relazionali e riflessione emotiva, oltre a garantire supporto organizzativo e protocolli condivisi. Investire nella formazione e nella cultura della non stigmatizzazione significa potenziare la capacità dell’infermiere di riconoscere e gestire il rischio suicidario, migliorare la qualità dell’assistenza e contribuire concretamente alla riduzione della mortalità per suicidio. Una maggiore consapevolezza professionale e istituzionale rappresenta quindi un passo decisivo verso un sistema sanitario più empatico, competente e orientato alla prevenzione. Parole chiave Suicidio; stigma; infermieri; false credenze; salute mentale.
Suicidio: stigma e false credenze degli infermieri
ROCCO, AURORA
2024/2025
Abstract
Introduction Suicide represents one of the leading causes of death worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, more than 700,000 people die by suicide each year, with an estimated twenty attempts for every death. Nurses, due to their close relationship with patients, play a crucial role in prevention, early recognition of risk signals, and crisis management. However, the presence of stigma and misconceptions about suicide can compromise care and reduce the effectiveness of preventive interventions. Understanding the nature and impact of these attitudes is therefore essential to improving the nursing response to this phenomenon. Objectives The aim of this literature review is to analyze the presence of stigma and misconceptions among nurses regarding suicide and patients with suicidal ideation. The specific objective is to identify the individual, professional, and cultural factors that influence such attitudes and to determine the most effective strategies to reduce them, promoting nursing practice based on empathy, knowledge, and communication competence. Methods A literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, selecting articles published between 2007 and 2024 in Italian, English, and Spanish. Quantitative and qualitative empirical studies, as well as systematic reviews analyzing nurses’ knowledge, stigma, or misconceptions about suicide, were included. The analysis followed the PRISMA protocol to ensure methodological rigor and transparency in the selection process. After an initial search identifying 30 articles, 11 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Results The selected studies, originating from diverse geographical and cultural contexts, indicate that stigma toward suicide among nurses remains widespread. Many practitioners tend to interpret suicide as an act of weakness, selfishness, or moral failure rather than as an expression of profound psychological suffering. Several misconceptions were identified, such as the beliefs that “those who talk about suicide will not do it,” that “only patients with severe mental disorders attempt suicide,” or that “talking about suicide may encourage the act.” Factors such as age, gender, religiosity, professional experience, and lack of specific training were strongly associated with stigmatizing attitudes. Conversely, participation in training courses or programs on suicide prevention was correlated with greater empathy, awareness, and professional confidence. Conclusions Stigma and misconceptions about suicide remain significant barriers to prevention. It is essential to promote ongoing educational programs that integrate theoretical knowledge, relational skills, and emotional reflection, as well as to ensure organizational support and shared protocols. Investing in training and a culture of non-stigmatization enhances nurses’ ability to recognize and manage suicide risk, improves the quality of care, and contributes concretely to reducing suicide mortality. Increased professional and institutional awareness therefore represents a decisive step toward a more empathetic, competent, and prevention-oriented healthcare system. Keywords Suicide; stigma; nurses; misconceptions; mental health.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/97432