ABSTRACT Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurobiological condition characterized by persistent difficulties in communication and social interaction, as well as repetitive behaviors. In recent years, the prevalence of ASD has increased due to a significant increase in cases, the use of more accurate diagnostic tools, and increased awareness among healthcare professionals. In pediatric patients, ASD is accompanied by specific needs that influence the treatment process and require specialized skills from nurses. Communication also represents a major challenge, as children with ASD often exhibit atypical expression patterns, sensory dysregulation, and difficulties with social interaction and eye contact. All of this can make care complex and, at times, stressful for both healthcare professionals and the young patient. Objective: The objective of this literature review is to identify the most effective communication strategies that can support nurses in caring for pediatric patients with ASD, improving the care relationship and reducing stress during procedures. This study also aimed to analyze the role and effectiveness of new technologies, particularly Artificial Intelligence, to determine how it could be a support tool for optimizing communication and care processes in nursing practice. Materials and methods: The search was conducted by consulting the PubMed and Cinahl databases. Articles published between 2015 and 2025, in Italian and English, regarding pediatric patients with ASD and nursing care were included. Primary and secondary studies were considered, including systematic reviews, observational studies, qualitative studies, and experimental studies. Articles that were irrelevant, not available through open access, or related to adult patients were excluded. After abstract selection and analysis, 12 studies that met the defined criteria were included. Results: The literature highlights the effectiveness of communication and organizational strategies such as the use of visual aids, simple and reassuring language, adapting the care environment, and parental involvement. At the same time, the potential of innovative technologies (augmentative communication, social robots, artificial intelligence) is emerging, although evidence in this area is still limited. Conclusions: Studies show that nursing care for children with ASD requires an empathetic and personalized approach that integrates communication skills, specific knowledge, and innovative tools. Continuous nurse training and the adoption of shared best practices are essential for improving the quality of care and promoting the well-being of the child and their family. Keywords: "Autism Spectrum Disorder", "Child Development Disorder", "Autism", "Communication", "Relationship", "Nurse-Patient Relations", "Nursing", "Nursing Care", "Education Nursing", "Artificial Intelligence"
ABSTRACT Background: Il Disturbo dello Spettro Autistico (DSA) è una condizione neurobiologica caratterizzata dalla presenza di difficoltà persistenti nella comunicazione e nell’interazione sociale, oltre che da comportamenti ripetitivi. Negli ultimi anni, la prevalenza del DSA è aumentata sia per una significativa crescita dei casi sia grazie all’ausilio di strumenti diagnostici più accurati e ad una maggiore sensibilizzazione dei professionisti sanitari. Nei pazienti pediatrici, il DSA si accompagna a bisogni specifici che influenzano il percorso di cura e richiedono la presenza di competenze specifiche da parte dell’infermiere. La comunicazione, inoltre, rappresenta una delle principali criticità in quanto, i bambini con DSA, manifestano spesso modalità di espressione atipiche, disregolazione sensoriale e difficoltà nell’interazione sociale e nel contatto visivo. Tutto ciò può rendere l’assistenza complessa e, talvolta, fonte di stress per il professionista sanitario ed il piccolo paziente. Obiettivo: l’obiettivo di questa revisione di letteratura è identificare le strategie comunicative più efficaci che possono supportare l’infermiere nell’assistenza al paziente pediatrico con DSA migliorando la relazione di cura e riducendo lo stress durante le procedure. Nel presente studio, inoltre, si è proposto di analizzare il ruolo e l’efficacia delle nuove tecnologie, in particolare dell’Intelligenza Artificiale al fine di determinare in che modo quest’ultima potesse essere uno strumento di supporto per l’ottimizzazione dei processi comunicativi e assistenziali nella pratica infermieristica. Materiali e metodi: la ricerca è stata condotta consultando le banche dati di PubMed e Cinahl. Sono stati inclusi articoli pubblicati tra il 2015 e il 2025, in lingua italiana e inglese, che riguardavano pazienti pediatrici con DSA e l’assistenza infermieristica. Sono stati presi in considerazione studi di tipo primario e secondario, comprese revisioni sistematiche, studi osservazionali, indagini qualitative e sperimentali. Sono stati esclusi articoli non pertinenti, non disponibili in accesso libero o relativi a pazienti adulti. Dopo la fase di selezione e analisi degli abstract, sono stati inclusi 12 studi che rispondevano ai criteri definiti. Risultati: La letteratura sottolinea l’efficacia di strategie comunicative e organizzative quali l’uso di supporti visivi, un linguaggio semplice e rassicurante, l’adattamento dell’ambiente di cura e il coinvolgimento dei genitori. Parallelamente, emergono potenzialità legate a tecnologie innovative (comunicazione aumentativa, robot sociali, intelligenza artificiale), sebbene le evidenze in questo ambito risultino ancora limitate. Conclusioni: dagli studi emerge come l’assistenza infermieristica al bambino con DSA richieda un approccio empatico e personalizzato, che integri competenze comunicative, conoscenze specifiche e strumenti innovativi. La formazione continua degli infermieri e l’adozione di buone pratiche condivise rappresentano condizioni essenziali per migliorare la qualità dell’assistenza e promuovere il benessere del bambino e della sua famiglia. Keyword: “Autism Spectrum Disorder”, “Child Development Disorder”, “Autism”, “Communication”, “Relationship”, “Nurse-Patient Relations”, “Nursing”, “Nursing care”, “Education Nursing, “Artificial Intelligence”
L’ASSISTENZA INFERMIERISTICA NEL PAZIENTE PEDIATRICO CON DISTURBO DELLO SPETTRO AUTISTICO: STRATEGIE DI COMUNICAZIONE. UNA REVISIONE DI LETTERATURA.
VITTURI, ALICE
2024/2025
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurobiological condition characterized by persistent difficulties in communication and social interaction, as well as repetitive behaviors. In recent years, the prevalence of ASD has increased due to a significant increase in cases, the use of more accurate diagnostic tools, and increased awareness among healthcare professionals. In pediatric patients, ASD is accompanied by specific needs that influence the treatment process and require specialized skills from nurses. Communication also represents a major challenge, as children with ASD often exhibit atypical expression patterns, sensory dysregulation, and difficulties with social interaction and eye contact. All of this can make care complex and, at times, stressful for both healthcare professionals and the young patient. Objective: The objective of this literature review is to identify the most effective communication strategies that can support nurses in caring for pediatric patients with ASD, improving the care relationship and reducing stress during procedures. This study also aimed to analyze the role and effectiveness of new technologies, particularly Artificial Intelligence, to determine how it could be a support tool for optimizing communication and care processes in nursing practice. Materials and methods: The search was conducted by consulting the PubMed and Cinahl databases. Articles published between 2015 and 2025, in Italian and English, regarding pediatric patients with ASD and nursing care were included. Primary and secondary studies were considered, including systematic reviews, observational studies, qualitative studies, and experimental studies. Articles that were irrelevant, not available through open access, or related to adult patients were excluded. After abstract selection and analysis, 12 studies that met the defined criteria were included. Results: The literature highlights the effectiveness of communication and organizational strategies such as the use of visual aids, simple and reassuring language, adapting the care environment, and parental involvement. At the same time, the potential of innovative technologies (augmentative communication, social robots, artificial intelligence) is emerging, although evidence in this area is still limited. Conclusions: Studies show that nursing care for children with ASD requires an empathetic and personalized approach that integrates communication skills, specific knowledge, and innovative tools. Continuous nurse training and the adoption of shared best practices are essential for improving the quality of care and promoting the well-being of the child and their family. Keywords: "Autism Spectrum Disorder", "Child Development Disorder", "Autism", "Communication", "Relationship", "Nurse-Patient Relations", "Nursing", "Nursing Care", "Education Nursing", "Artificial Intelligence"| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/97478