Background: The role of the midwife has become increasingly central in promoting maternal health, consolidating the “Midwifery” model. Nevertheless, the childbirth care pathway often remains fragmented, involving multiple professionals. Following the introduction of Midwifery-Led Care and during the early 2000s, midwifery practice gained growing recognition for its role in physiological childbirth, promoting personalized and safe birth experiences for both mother and newborn. Aim: The thesis primarily aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the implementation of midwifery-led intrapartum care in the United Kingdom, Australia, the Netherlands, the Scandinavian countries, and Italy (with a focus on the Veneto Region). The secondary objective concerns the analysis of maternal and neonatal outcomes at birth associated with this model. Materials and Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted through searches on the institutional websites of international and national organizations (WHO, UN, NICE) and professional midwifery associations. Seventy-eight sources were included, comprising official documents (guidelines, reports, position statements, and policy papers) and scientific articles published between 1970 and 2025. For maternal and neonatal outcomes, the review primarily considered documents and articles from the past five years, also selected using a “snowball” approach from the bibliographies of the analysed documents. Results: The comparative analysis reveals some differences in the implementation of midwifery-led intrapartum care, as well as shared characteristics. The United Kingdom represents the most advanced and standardized context; midwifery continuity of care is promoted through caseload and team midwifery models, along with the possibility for women, consistent with other countries, to choose among different birth settings (hospital, alongside or freestanding units, home), supported by robust transfer protocols. In Australia, although coverage remains limited (<10% of births), Midwifery Group Practice (MGP) caseload and team midwifery models demonstrate clinical and economic benefits. In the Netherlands, autonomous midwives manage low-risk pregnancies within a three-tier integrated care system. In the Scandinavian countries, maternity services emphasize continuity of care through evidence-based practices. In Norway, unlike other contexts, assisted transport with qualified medical or midwifery personnel is guaranteed. In Denmark, despite some local fragmentation, 98% of women are cared for according to the named midwife model (KJO). In Sweden, most births occur in hospitals, and there is no unified national strategy; caseload and team midwifery models are still experimental and not included in the 2025 national guidelines. In Italy, the model remains predominantly hospital-based, despite regulations and the BRO guidelines (2017). A notable example is the Veneto region, where a pilot project started in 2015 and later extended regionally reduced caesarean rates and increased spontaneous vaginal births (85%). However, at the national level, challenges persist, including organizational fragmentation, high medicalization of care, and elevated caesarean rates in some regions. Home birth is available in all countries and strictly regulated with selection criteria, emergency plans, and defined professional responsibilities, although organizational approaches differ; in Italy, however, there is no clear national legislation. Maternal and neonatal outcomes confirm that midwifery-led intrapartum care increases spontaneous vaginal births, maternal satisfaction, psychological well-being, and breastfeeding, while reducing caesarean sections, operative births, episiotomies, and fetal/neonatal mortality. Conclusions:
Background: La figura dell’ostetrica ha assunto un ruolo sempre più centrale nella promozione della salute materna, consolidando il modello della “Midwifery”. Nonostante ciò, il percorso nascita resta spesso frammentato, con molteplici professionisti coinvolti. Dopo l’introduzione della Midwifery-Led Care e con i primi anni 2000, l’assistenza ostetrica ha visto un crescente riconoscimento del suo ruolo nel parto fisiologico, promuovendo esperienze di nascita personalizzate e sicure per madre e neonato. Obiettivo: La tesi mira principalmente a condurre un’analisi comparativa dell’implementazione della midwifery-led intrapartum care in Regno Unito, Australia, Paesi Bassi, Paesi Scandinavi e Italia (con focus sulla Regione Veneto). L’obiettivo secondario riguarda l’analisi degli esiti materno-fetali al parto associati a questo modello. Materiali e metodi: È stata condotta una revisione narrativa della letteratura tramite ricerca sui siti istituzionali di organizzazioni internazionali e nazionali (OMS, ONU, NICE) e associazioni professionali di ostetricia. Sono state incluse settantotto fonti, tra documenti ufficiali (linee guida, report, position statement e policy paper) e articoli scientifici, pubblicati tra il 1970 e il 2025. Per gli esiti materno-fetali, sono stati considerati principalmente documenti e articoli degli ultimi cinque anni, selezionati anche tramite approccio “a cascata” dalle bibliografie dei documenti analizzati. Risultati: L’analisi comparativa mostra alcune differenze nell’implementazione della midwifery-led intrapartum care, ma anche caratteristiche comuni. Il Regno Unito rappresenta il contesto più avanzato e standardizzato; viene infatti promossa la continuità assistenziale ostetrica nei modelli di caseload e team midwifery care, oltre alla possibilità, in linea con gli altri paesi considerati, di scelta della donna tra diversi setting di parto (ospedale, unità alongside o freestanding, domicilio), grazie a solidi protocolli di trasferimento. In Australia, sebbene la diffusione sia ancora limitata (<10% delle nascite), i modelli Midwifery Group Practice (MGP) caseload e team midwifery evidenziano benefici clinici ed economici. Nei Paesi Bassi, l’ostetrica autonoma gestisce gravidanze a basso rischio in un sistema integrato a tre livelli di cura. Nei Paesi Scandinavi, i servizi di maternità valorizzano la continuità assistenziale attraverso pratiche evidence-based. In Norvegia, a differenza degli altri contesti, è garantito un servizio di trasporto assistito da personale medico o ostetrico qualificato. In Danimarca, nonostante una certa frammentazione locale, il 98% delle donne è seguito secondo il modello dell’ostetrica di riferimento (KJO). In Svezia la maggior parte dei parti avviene in ospedale e manca una strategia nazionale univoca; i modelli caseload e team midwifery sono in fase sperimentale e non inclusi nelle linee guida nazionali 2025. In Italia il modello rimane prevalentemente ospedaliero, nonostante le normative e le linee di indirizzo BRO (2017). Un esempio virtuoso è rappresentato dal Veneto, dove il progetto pilota avviato nel 2015 e poi esteso alla regione ha ridotto i tagli cesarei e aumentato i parti eutocici (85%). A livello nazionale persistono tuttavia criticità legate alla frammentazione organizzativa, alla medicalizzazione dell’assistenza e ai tassi di cesarei elevati in alcune regioni. Il parto a domicilio è previsto in tutti i Paesi e rigidamente regolamentato con criteri di selezione, piani di emergenza e responsabilità professionali definite, seppur con differenze organizzative. In Italia, invece, è privo di una chiara normativa nazionale. Gli esiti materno-fetali confermano che la midwifery-led intrapartum care aumenta i parti vaginali spontanei, la soddisfazione materna, il benessere psicologico e l’allattamento, e riduce tagli cesarei, parti operativi, episiotomie e mortalità fetale/neonatale. Conclusioni:
Modelli internazionali di midwifery-led intrapartum care: analisi comparativa e impatto sugli esiti materno-neonatali.
ZAROS, MARTINA
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: The role of the midwife has become increasingly central in promoting maternal health, consolidating the “Midwifery” model. Nevertheless, the childbirth care pathway often remains fragmented, involving multiple professionals. Following the introduction of Midwifery-Led Care and during the early 2000s, midwifery practice gained growing recognition for its role in physiological childbirth, promoting personalized and safe birth experiences for both mother and newborn. Aim: The thesis primarily aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the implementation of midwifery-led intrapartum care in the United Kingdom, Australia, the Netherlands, the Scandinavian countries, and Italy (with a focus on the Veneto Region). The secondary objective concerns the analysis of maternal and neonatal outcomes at birth associated with this model. Materials and Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted through searches on the institutional websites of international and national organizations (WHO, UN, NICE) and professional midwifery associations. Seventy-eight sources were included, comprising official documents (guidelines, reports, position statements, and policy papers) and scientific articles published between 1970 and 2025. For maternal and neonatal outcomes, the review primarily considered documents and articles from the past five years, also selected using a “snowball” approach from the bibliographies of the analysed documents. Results: The comparative analysis reveals some differences in the implementation of midwifery-led intrapartum care, as well as shared characteristics. The United Kingdom represents the most advanced and standardized context; midwifery continuity of care is promoted through caseload and team midwifery models, along with the possibility for women, consistent with other countries, to choose among different birth settings (hospital, alongside or freestanding units, home), supported by robust transfer protocols. In Australia, although coverage remains limited (<10% of births), Midwifery Group Practice (MGP) caseload and team midwifery models demonstrate clinical and economic benefits. In the Netherlands, autonomous midwives manage low-risk pregnancies within a three-tier integrated care system. In the Scandinavian countries, maternity services emphasize continuity of care through evidence-based practices. In Norway, unlike other contexts, assisted transport with qualified medical or midwifery personnel is guaranteed. In Denmark, despite some local fragmentation, 98% of women are cared for according to the named midwife model (KJO). In Sweden, most births occur in hospitals, and there is no unified national strategy; caseload and team midwifery models are still experimental and not included in the 2025 national guidelines. In Italy, the model remains predominantly hospital-based, despite regulations and the BRO guidelines (2017). A notable example is the Veneto region, where a pilot project started in 2015 and later extended regionally reduced caesarean rates and increased spontaneous vaginal births (85%). However, at the national level, challenges persist, including organizational fragmentation, high medicalization of care, and elevated caesarean rates in some regions. Home birth is available in all countries and strictly regulated with selection criteria, emergency plans, and defined professional responsibilities, although organizational approaches differ; in Italy, however, there is no clear national legislation. Maternal and neonatal outcomes confirm that midwifery-led intrapartum care increases spontaneous vaginal births, maternal satisfaction, psychological well-being, and breastfeeding, while reducing caesarean sections, operative births, episiotomies, and fetal/neonatal mortality. Conclusions:| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/97670