Introduction: The standard procedure for measuring visual acuity uses ETDRS logMAR charts, mounted in a backlit box illuminated by fluorescent lamps that ensure constant background luminance. The most widespread ETDRS charts have a background luminance of 100 cd/m², normally used in randomized clinical trials for measuring standard high-contrast visual acuity (BCVA), low luminance visual acuity (LLVA), the low luminance deficit (LLD), and low-contrast visual acuity (LCVA). LLVA, LLD, and LCVA are compromised early in numerous macular diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), even in patients with preserved BCVA. In recent years, there has been a gradual replacement of fluorescent lamps for backlighting with modern LED lamps, which are more eco-friendly and available in a wide range of light intensities. To date, however, there is no international consensus regarding the standard background luminance for the use of backlit ETDRS charts. Study Aim: To evaluate the reproducibility and agreement in the measurement of visual acuity (BCVA, LLVA, LCVA, and LLD) assessed using ETDRS charts with two different background sources and luminances: fluorescent (neon) at 100 cd/m² and LED at 160 cd/m², in normal subjects and in patients with intermediate AMD (iAMD). Materials and Methods: BCVA, LLVA, LCVA, and LLD were measured in healthy eyes of volunteer subjects and in eyes affected by iAMD using two different backlit boxes for the ETDRS charts: a box illuminated by fluorescent (neon) at 100 cd/m² and a box illuminated by LED at 160 cd/m². The data, expressed in ETDRS score and LogMAR, were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA (adjusted for age and sex) and Bland-Altman graphical analysis. Results: 18 healthy eyes (normal group) and 18 eyes affected by iAMD (iAMD group) were included. BCVA and LCVA measured with a 100 cd/m² background did not differ compared to those measured with a 160 cd/m² background in both groups. LLVA, however, was significantly higher when measured with the 160 cd/m² chart compared to the 100 cd/m² chart in the iAMD group (p=0.0064). According to the Bland-Altman analysis in each group, despite a modest mean difference in VA obtained with each luminance, the limits of agreement appeared relatively wide, especially in the iAMD group (normal group: BCVA 0.89±6.21, LLVA 0.17±5.32, LCVA 0.33±6.83; iAMD group: BCVA 0.44±7.68, LLVA 2.39±6.76, LCVA 2.17±10.32). In the iAMD group, in cases of low visual acuity, BCVA was lower while LCVA and LLVA were higher with the 160 cd/m² chart compared to the 100 cd/m² chart, resulting in a reduction of the LLD. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the two backgrounds of 100 cd/m² and 160 cd/m² are not interchangeable in the assessment of visual acuity, due to the width of the limits of agreement between the two methods: at least one line of the logMAR chart for BCVA in healthy eyes and up to more than two lines for LCVA in eyes with iAMD. The greatest differences in VA measurement are found especially in eyes affected by iAMD and with reduced visual acuity. The higher luminance of the LED box improves LLVA, which is not always measurable using the standard fluorescent box in patients with very low visual acuity, but reduces the LLD value, a functional parameter considered predictive of disease progression.
Introduzione: La procedura standard nella misurazione dell’acuità visiva utilizza le tavole ottotipiche ETDRS, montate in un box retroilluminato da lampade a neon che garantiscono una luminanza di sfondo costante. Le più diffuse tavole ETDRS hanno una luminanza di sfondo di 100 cd/m², normalmente utilizzate in studi clinici randomizzati per la misurazione dell’acuità visiva (VA) standard ad alto contrasto (BCVA), a bassa luminanza (LLVA), il low luminance deficit (LLD) e l’acuità visiva a basso contrasto (LCVA). LLVA, LLD e LCVA sono precocemente compromesse in numerose patologie maculari, come la degenerazione maculare legata all’età (AMD), anche in pazienti con BCVA conservata. Negli ultimi anni si sta assistendo ad una graduale sostituzione delle lampade al neon per la retroilluminazione con moderne lampade a LED più eco-sostenibili e disponibili in un’ampia gamma di intensità luminose. Ad oggi, non esiste tuttavia un consenso internazionale circa la luminanza standard dello sfondo nell’utilizzo delle tavole ETDRS retroilluminate. Scopo dello studio: Valutare la riproducibilità e la concordanza nella misurazione dell’acuità visiva (BCVA, LLVA, LCVA ed LLD) valutata mediante tavole ETDRS con due diverse sorgenti e luminanze dello sfondo: neon da 100 cd/m² e LED da 160 cd/m², in soggetti normali ed in pazienti con AMD intermedia (iAMD). Materiali e metodi: Sono state misurate BCVA, LLVA, LCVA, e LLD in occhi sani di soggetti volontari e in occhi affetti da iAMD utilizzando due diversi box per la retroilluminazione delle tavole ETDRS: box illuminato da neon a 100 cd/m² e box illuminato da LED a 160 cd/m². I dati, espressi in ETDRS score e LogMAR, sono stati analizzati mediante analisi della varianza ANOVA per misure ripetute (aggiustata per età e sesso) e analisi grafica Bland-Altman. Risultati: Sono stati inclusi 18 occhi sani (gruppo normali) e 18 occhi affetti da iAMD (gruppo iAMD). BCVA e LCVA misurate con sfondo da 100 cd/m² non differivano rispetto a quelle misurate con sfondo da 160 cd/m² in entrambi i gruppi. LLVA era invece significativamente superiore se misurata con ottotipo da 160 cd/m² rispetto a ottotipo da 100 cd/m² nel gruppo iAMD (p=0.0064). Secondo l’analisi Bland Altman in ciascun gruppo, a fronte di una modesta differenza media di VA ottenuta con ciascuna luminanza, i limiti di accordo apparivano relativamente ampi, soprattutto nel gruppo iAMD (gruppo normali: BCVA 0.89±6.21, LLVA 0.17±5.32, LCVA 0.33±6.83; gruppo iAMD: BCVA 0.44±7.68, LLVA 2.39±6.76, LCVA 2.17±10.32). Nel gruppo iAMD, in caso di acuità visive basse, la BCVA era inferiore mentre LCVA e LLVA erano maggiori con ottotipo da 160 cd/m² rispetto all’ottotipo con 100 cd/m², con conseguente riduzione del LLD. Conclusioni: Questo studio dimostra che i due sfondi da 100 cd/m² e 160 cd/m² non sono intercambiabili nella valutazione dell’acuità visiva, a causa dell’ampiezza dei limiti di accordo delle due metodiche: almeno una riga dell’ottotipo per la BCVA in occhi sani e, fino a oltre due righe per la LCVA negli occhi con iAMD. Le maggiori differenze nella misurazione dell’AV si rilevano soprattutto in occhi affetti da iAMD e con ridotta acuità visiva. La luminanza maggiore del box con LED migliora la LLVA, non sempre misurabile mediante box standard a neon in pazienti con acuità visive molto basse, ma riduce il valore di LLD, parametro funzionale considerato predittivo di progressione della patologia.
La luminanza delle tavole ETDRS nella misurazione dell'acuità visiva nella maculopatia legata all'età
FANTON, MIRCA
2024/2025
Abstract
Introduction: The standard procedure for measuring visual acuity uses ETDRS logMAR charts, mounted in a backlit box illuminated by fluorescent lamps that ensure constant background luminance. The most widespread ETDRS charts have a background luminance of 100 cd/m², normally used in randomized clinical trials for measuring standard high-contrast visual acuity (BCVA), low luminance visual acuity (LLVA), the low luminance deficit (LLD), and low-contrast visual acuity (LCVA). LLVA, LLD, and LCVA are compromised early in numerous macular diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), even in patients with preserved BCVA. In recent years, there has been a gradual replacement of fluorescent lamps for backlighting with modern LED lamps, which are more eco-friendly and available in a wide range of light intensities. To date, however, there is no international consensus regarding the standard background luminance for the use of backlit ETDRS charts. Study Aim: To evaluate the reproducibility and agreement in the measurement of visual acuity (BCVA, LLVA, LCVA, and LLD) assessed using ETDRS charts with two different background sources and luminances: fluorescent (neon) at 100 cd/m² and LED at 160 cd/m², in normal subjects and in patients with intermediate AMD (iAMD). Materials and Methods: BCVA, LLVA, LCVA, and LLD were measured in healthy eyes of volunteer subjects and in eyes affected by iAMD using two different backlit boxes for the ETDRS charts: a box illuminated by fluorescent (neon) at 100 cd/m² and a box illuminated by LED at 160 cd/m². The data, expressed in ETDRS score and LogMAR, were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA (adjusted for age and sex) and Bland-Altman graphical analysis. Results: 18 healthy eyes (normal group) and 18 eyes affected by iAMD (iAMD group) were included. BCVA and LCVA measured with a 100 cd/m² background did not differ compared to those measured with a 160 cd/m² background in both groups. LLVA, however, was significantly higher when measured with the 160 cd/m² chart compared to the 100 cd/m² chart in the iAMD group (p=0.0064). According to the Bland-Altman analysis in each group, despite a modest mean difference in VA obtained with each luminance, the limits of agreement appeared relatively wide, especially in the iAMD group (normal group: BCVA 0.89±6.21, LLVA 0.17±5.32, LCVA 0.33±6.83; iAMD group: BCVA 0.44±7.68, LLVA 2.39±6.76, LCVA 2.17±10.32). In the iAMD group, in cases of low visual acuity, BCVA was lower while LCVA and LLVA were higher with the 160 cd/m² chart compared to the 100 cd/m² chart, resulting in a reduction of the LLD. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the two backgrounds of 100 cd/m² and 160 cd/m² are not interchangeable in the assessment of visual acuity, due to the width of the limits of agreement between the two methods: at least one line of the logMAR chart for BCVA in healthy eyes and up to more than two lines for LCVA in eyes with iAMD. The greatest differences in VA measurement are found especially in eyes affected by iAMD and with reduced visual acuity. The higher luminance of the LED box improves LLVA, which is not always measurable using the standard fluorescent box in patients with very low visual acuity, but reduces the LLD value, a functional parameter considered predictive of disease progression.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/98030