In the oncology field, palliative care consists of a multidisciplinary approach that responds to the physical, emotional, social and spiritual needs of both the patient and the caregiver in the advanced stages of the disease. They aim to provide a support system that allows the patient to live in an active and dignified way until the end of life, with the goal of ensuring the best quality of life until the end of it and not a good death, while also offering support to the family. Although traditionally associated with the terminal stage of the disease, the new and recent approach promotes their early introduction into the care path of progressive oncological pathologies. However, the spread of this model is still limited and uneven due to cultural, organizational and training barriers, as well as the heterogeneity of the available literature. Objective: This thesis aims to analyze, through a review of the scientific literature, the impact of early integration of palliative care in advanced cancer patients and caregivers. Areas of assessment include quality of life, management of symptoms, psychological well-being, survival, caregiver burden and satisfaction with the care received, compared to the traditional non-integrated palliative approach. Methods: A literature review was conducted through the PubMed and CINAHL databases, selecting and reviewing a total of 33 full-text articles. Results: The early introduction of palliative care associated with standard care in the path of advanced cancer patients and caregivers is a topic that in the scientific literature needs further investigation and clarification, however the available evidence points to a positive impact on many aspects. This model in fact produces benefits in terms of quality of life, especially if applied within a few weeks of diagnosis or enrollment and in subjects with a better performance status at the start of the palliative path. Management of the symptomatological framework also benefits, with positive effects on the emotional level that result in a reduction in anxiety and depression rates associated with an increase in active coping strategies. There is also an increase in survival, especially in those with good functional conditions at the time of inclusion and greater adherence to treatments. Caregivers instead acquire greater awareness, new skills and a better ability to cope with the advanced stages of the disease, but at present there is no significant evidence on improving quality of life and reducing perceived stress. However, the early integration of palliative care has a high level of satisfaction by both patients and caregivers, despite the negative stigma associated with the term itself. Conclusions: Early integration of palliative care produces benefits in terms of quality of life, management of symptoms, psychological well-being, survival, caregiver burden and satisfaction with the care received, thus representing a concrete prospect of improving the quality of care for cancer patients and caregivers. Keywords: early integration, palliative care, cancer patient, caregiver, multidimensionality.
In ambito oncologico, le cure palliative consistono in un approccio multidisciplinare che risponde ai bisogni fisici, emotivi, sociali e spirituali sia del paziente che del caregiver nelle fasi avanzate della malattia. Mirano infatti a fornire un sistema di supporto che consenta al paziente di vivere in modo attivo e dignitoso fino alla fine della vita, con l’obiettivo di garantire la miglior qualità di vita fino al termine della stessa e non una buona morte, offrendo parallelamente sostegno anche alla famiglia. Sebbene tradizionalmente associate alla fase terminale della malattia, il nuovo e recente approccio promuove la loro precoce introduzione nel percorso assistenziale di patologie oncologiche a decorso progressivo. Tuttavia, la diffusione di questo modello resta ancora limitata e disomogenea a causa di barriere culturali, organizzative e formative, oltre all’eterogeneità della letteratura disponibile. Obiettivo: Il presente elaborato di tesi si propone di analizzare, attraverso una revisione della letteratura scientifica, l’impatto dell’integrazione precoce delle cure palliative nel paziente oncologico in stadio avanzato e nel caregiver. Gli ambiti di valutazione comprendono qualità della vita, gestione della sintomatologia, benessere psicologico, sopravvivenza, carico assistenziale del caregiver e soddisfazione nei confronti delle cure ricevute, rispetto all’approccio palliativo tradizionale non integrato. Metodi: È stata condotta una revisione della letteratura tramite le banche dati PubMed e CINAHL, selezionando e revisionando un totale di 33 articoli con testo integrale. Risultati: L’introduzione precoce delle cure palliative associate alle cure standard nel percorso del paziente oncologico in fase avanzata e del caregiver è un argomento che nella letteratura scientifica necessita di ulteriori approfondimenti e precisazioni, ma le evidenze disponibili indicano un impatto positivo su molteplici aspetti. Questo modello infatti produce benefici in termini di qualità di vita, in particolar modo se applicato entro poche settimane dalla diagnosi o dall’arruolamento e nei soggetti con un performance status migliore al momento dell’avvio del percorso palliativo. Anche la gestione del quadro sintomatologico ne trae beneficio, con ricadute positive anche sul piano emotivo che si traducono in una riduzione dei tassi di ansia e depressione associati ad un aumento delle strategie di coping attivo. È evidenziato inoltre un aumento della sopravvivenza, soprattutto in coloro con buone condizioni funzionali al momento dell’inclusione e maggiore aderenza ai trattamenti. I caregiver invece acquisiscono maggiore consapevolezza, nuove competenze e una migliore capacità di affrontare le fasi avanzate della malattia, ma allo stato attuale non sono presenti evidenze significative sul miglioramento della qualità di vita e sulla riduzione del livello di stress percepito. L’integrazione precoce delle cure palliative riscontra però un elevato indice di soddisfazione da parte sia di pazienti che di caregiver, nonostante lo stigma negativo legato al termine stesso. Conclusioni: L’integrazione precoce delle cure palliative produce benefici in termini di qualità di vita, gestione della sintomatologia, benessere psicologico, sopravvivenza, carico assistenziale del caregiver e soddisfazione nei confronti delle cure ricevute, rappresentando quindi una prospettiva concreta di miglioramento della qualità dell’assistenza verso pazienti oncologici e caregiver. Parole chiave: integrazione precoce, cure palliative, paziente oncologico, caregiver, multidimensionalità. Keywords: early integration, palliative care, oncology patient, caregiver, multidimensional management.
L’INTEGRAZIONE PRECOCE DELLE CURE PALLIATIVE IN ONCOLOGIA: IMPATTO SUI PAZIENTI CON TUMORE IN STADIO AVANZATO E SUI CAREGIVER. UNA REVISIONE DELLA LETTERATURA
CAVALIERE, GIULIA
2024/2025
Abstract
In the oncology field, palliative care consists of a multidisciplinary approach that responds to the physical, emotional, social and spiritual needs of both the patient and the caregiver in the advanced stages of the disease. They aim to provide a support system that allows the patient to live in an active and dignified way until the end of life, with the goal of ensuring the best quality of life until the end of it and not a good death, while also offering support to the family. Although traditionally associated with the terminal stage of the disease, the new and recent approach promotes their early introduction into the care path of progressive oncological pathologies. However, the spread of this model is still limited and uneven due to cultural, organizational and training barriers, as well as the heterogeneity of the available literature. Objective: This thesis aims to analyze, through a review of the scientific literature, the impact of early integration of palliative care in advanced cancer patients and caregivers. Areas of assessment include quality of life, management of symptoms, psychological well-being, survival, caregiver burden and satisfaction with the care received, compared to the traditional non-integrated palliative approach. Methods: A literature review was conducted through the PubMed and CINAHL databases, selecting and reviewing a total of 33 full-text articles. Results: The early introduction of palliative care associated with standard care in the path of advanced cancer patients and caregivers is a topic that in the scientific literature needs further investigation and clarification, however the available evidence points to a positive impact on many aspects. This model in fact produces benefits in terms of quality of life, especially if applied within a few weeks of diagnosis or enrollment and in subjects with a better performance status at the start of the palliative path. Management of the symptomatological framework also benefits, with positive effects on the emotional level that result in a reduction in anxiety and depression rates associated with an increase in active coping strategies. There is also an increase in survival, especially in those with good functional conditions at the time of inclusion and greater adherence to treatments. Caregivers instead acquire greater awareness, new skills and a better ability to cope with the advanced stages of the disease, but at present there is no significant evidence on improving quality of life and reducing perceived stress. However, the early integration of palliative care has a high level of satisfaction by both patients and caregivers, despite the negative stigma associated with the term itself. Conclusions: Early integration of palliative care produces benefits in terms of quality of life, management of symptoms, psychological well-being, survival, caregiver burden and satisfaction with the care received, thus representing a concrete prospect of improving the quality of care for cancer patients and caregivers. Keywords: early integration, palliative care, cancer patient, caregiver, multidimensionality.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/98213