PROBLEM: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death among women worldwide. However, the prevention and treatment of these diseases are still based on a male-dominated model, failing to adequately consider the biological, psychological, and social differences between men and women. Nurs ing education interventions and preventive strategies, in fact, are not gender-specific as they are primarily derived from studies conducted on male populations, neglecting the specificities of the female gender. PURPOSE: The purpose of this literature review is to identify effective nursing educational interventions for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women, using scientific evidence to enhance the contribution of gender medicine to nursing clinical and care practice. SAMPLE: The included studies include samples of adult women of different age groups, with cardiovascular risk factors or already affected by cardiovascular disease, treated in settings ranging from nursing clinics to community programs and primary prevention services. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The literature review was conducted by searching major international databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library) and Google Scholar. Articles published between 2015 and 2025 in English and Italian were included. RESULTS: Gender education plays a significant role in cardiovascular risk prevention. Nursing-based health promotion interventions specifically for women (structured counseling programs, women-specific information materials, peer support groups, women's training programs, and personalized approaches) are effective in improving awareness, treatment adherence, and lifestyle changes. Despite this, a lack of standardization and comparison between the various strategies used is highlighted, as well as a lack of studies with robust methodological rigor. CONCLUSIONS: Gender-sensitive medicine applied to the cardiovascular field represents an opportunity to strengthen the humanization of care and promote health equity. This literature review has highlighted the fundamental role of nurses in promoting women's cardiovascular health through the use of gender-specific educational interventions. However, a lack of shared and validated protocols guiding therapeutic education with a gender-sensitive approach has emerged. There is clearly a need for further studies to create practical and replicable guidelines in clinical settings. Key words: Nursing; Nursing education; Gender gap; Gender Medicine; Women; Women’s health; Cardiovascular disease.
PROBLEMA: Le malattie cardiovascolari rappresentano una delle principali cause di morte tra le donne in tutto il mondo. Tuttavia la prevenzione ed il trattamento di queste patologie si basano ancora su un modello maschile, non tenendo adeguatamente in considerazione le differenze biologiche, psicologiche e sociali tra uomini e donne. Gli interventi educativi infermieristici e le strategie preventive, infatti, non sono specifiche per genere in quanto derivano prevalentemente da studi condotti su popolazioni maschili, trascurando le peculiarità del genere femminile. SCOPO: Lo scopo di questa revisione della letteratura è quello di identificare quali sono gli interventi educativi infermieristici efficaci nella prevenzione delle patologie cardiovascolari nelle donne, attraverso l’utilizzo delle evidenze scientifiche al fine di valorizzare l’apporto della medicina di genere nella pratica clinico-assistenziale infermieristica. CAMPIONE: Gli studi inclusi comprendono campioni di donne adulte appartenenti a diverse fasce d’età, con fattori di rischio cardiovascolare o già affette da patologie cardiovascolari, prese in carico in contesti che variano da ambulatori infermieristici a programmi comunitari e servizi di prevenzione primaria. MATERIALE E METODI: La revisione bibliografica è stata condotta ricercando nelle principali banche dati internazionali (PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library) e Google Scholar. Sono stati inclusi articoli in lingua inglese e italiana, pubblicati tra il 2015 e il 2025. RISULTATI: L’educazione di genere svolge un ruolo rilevante nella prevenzione del rischio cardiovascolare. Gli interventi infermieristici di promozione della salute specifici per le donne (programmi strutturati di counselling, materiali informativi specifici per le donne, gruppi di supporto tra pari, programmi formativi femminili e approcci personalizzati) risultano efficaci nel miglioramento della consapevolezza, nell’adesione terapeutica e negli stili di vita. Nonostante ciò, viene evidenziata una assenza nella standardizzazione e nel confronto tra le varie strategie utilizzate, nonché una carenza di studi con un robusto rigore metodologico. CONCLUSIONI: La medicina di genere applicata all’ambito cardiovascolare rappresenta un’opportunità per rafforzare l’umanizzazione delle cure e promuovere l’equità nella salute. La presente revisione della letteratura ha messo in evidenza il ruolo fondamentale dell’infermiere per quanto riguarda la promozione della salute cardiovascolare femminile attraverso l’utilizzo di interventi educativi mirati al genere. Tuttavia è emersa la mancanza di protocolli condivisi e validati che guidino l’educazione terapeutica con un approccio di genere. È evidente la necessità di ulteriori studi per poter creare delle linee guida pratiche e replicabili all’interno delle realtà cliniche. Parole chiave: Infermieristica; Educazione infermieristica; Disuguaglianze di genere; Medicina di genere; Donne; Salute delle donne; Patologie cardiovascolari.
Educazione infermieristica di genere nella prevenzione delle malattie cardiovascolari
CELLA, FRANCESCA
2024/2025
Abstract
PROBLEM: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death among women worldwide. However, the prevention and treatment of these diseases are still based on a male-dominated model, failing to adequately consider the biological, psychological, and social differences between men and women. Nurs ing education interventions and preventive strategies, in fact, are not gender-specific as they are primarily derived from studies conducted on male populations, neglecting the specificities of the female gender. PURPOSE: The purpose of this literature review is to identify effective nursing educational interventions for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women, using scientific evidence to enhance the contribution of gender medicine to nursing clinical and care practice. SAMPLE: The included studies include samples of adult women of different age groups, with cardiovascular risk factors or already affected by cardiovascular disease, treated in settings ranging from nursing clinics to community programs and primary prevention services. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The literature review was conducted by searching major international databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library) and Google Scholar. Articles published between 2015 and 2025 in English and Italian were included. RESULTS: Gender education plays a significant role in cardiovascular risk prevention. Nursing-based health promotion interventions specifically for women (structured counseling programs, women-specific information materials, peer support groups, women's training programs, and personalized approaches) are effective in improving awareness, treatment adherence, and lifestyle changes. Despite this, a lack of standardization and comparison between the various strategies used is highlighted, as well as a lack of studies with robust methodological rigor. CONCLUSIONS: Gender-sensitive medicine applied to the cardiovascular field represents an opportunity to strengthen the humanization of care and promote health equity. This literature review has highlighted the fundamental role of nurses in promoting women's cardiovascular health through the use of gender-specific educational interventions. However, a lack of shared and validated protocols guiding therapeutic education with a gender-sensitive approach has emerged. There is clearly a need for further studies to create practical and replicable guidelines in clinical settings. Key words: Nursing; Nursing education; Gender gap; Gender Medicine; Women; Women’s health; Cardiovascular disease.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/98215