Introduction: The diagnosis of brain death represents a complex event from a clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic, communicative, and emotional perspective. It significantly involves not only the healthcare team but also the patient’s family, who face a new, often dramatically sudden, and always painful and stressful situation—particularly when young patients are involved. In this context, families often seek clear answers, emotional support, and guidance, making effective, empathetic, and timely communication by healthcare professionals essential. Numerous studies have highlighted the difficulties faced by nurses, as key figures in the caring relationship. In particular, challenges emerge in managing their own emotions, coping with others’ suffering, and communicating tragic or end-of-life news. These aspects represent significant challenges for nurses, who are called upon to combine technical competence, empathy, and resilience in highly emotionally charged situations. Objective: The aim of this thesis is to highlight the role and nursing competencies required in communicating the diagnosis of brain death, further exploring the subsequent possibility of organ donation. Methodology: Following the PRISMA method guidelines, this thesis establishes the basis for a literature review conducted between May and July 2025, in order to ensure a methodical, clear, and verifiable approach. After defining inclusion and exclusion criteria, four research questions were formulated for article selection, consulting the main databases: PubMed and CINAHL. Based on relevance to the research questions, a critical analysis of publications in English, Spanish, and Portuguese was conducted, focusing on the last ten years. Results: This literature review emphasized the central role of nurses in the technical–practical, relational–communicative, ethical, and deontological dimensions. During brain death assessment, medical–scientific competencies are essential to promptly identify clinical deterioration that could compromise organ maintenance and donation processes. At the same time, clear, direct, and empathetic communication of the diagnosis to the family is crucial, with respect for their emotional state, denial, and grief. The nursing role is therefore pivotal in facilitating understanding of the diagnosis, supporting families throughout the process leading to the subsequent proposal of organ donation, within appropriate spaces and timing. Structured pathways and communication strategies enhance understanding of the care provided to both patient and family, promote professional competence, and reduce mistrust, thereby fostering family involvement throughout the entire care process. Conclusion: Nursing care for patients diagnosed with brain death requires technical and scientific skills to contribute to the determination of death according to neurological criteria. Furthermore, communicative and relational competence aimed at families throughout the entire process is crucial to promote acceptance and understanding of the diagnosis, to actively involve them in the process of grief elaboration, and to support an informed decision regarding the proposal of organ donation. Keywords: brain death, communication, empathy, professional-family relations, emotional involvement, ethics, nurse attitudes, intensive care nurse, organ donation, tissue and organ procurement
Introduzione: La diagnosi morte cerebrale costituisce un evento complesso da un punto di vista clinico – diagnostico, terapeutico, comunicativo ed emotivo. Essa coinvolge in modo significativo non solo il team sanitario ma anche i familiari del paziente, che affrontano una situazione nuova, talvolta drammaticamente improvvisa, comunque sempre dolorosa e stressante soprattutto quando riguardi pazienti giovani. In tale contesto, la rete familiare è frequentemente alla ricerca di risposte chiare, supporto emotivo e orientamento, rendendo fondamentale una comunicazione efficace, empatica e tempestiva da parte degli operatori sanitari. Numerosi studi hanno messo in luce le difficoltà incontrate dagli infermieri, in quanto figure di riferimento nella relazione assistenziale. In particolare, emergono criticità nella gestione delle proprie emozioni, nell’affrontare la sofferenza altrui e nella comunicazione di notizie tragiche o legate alla fine della vita. Questi aspetti rappresentano sfide significative per il professionista infermiere, chiamato a coniugare competenza tecnica, empatia e resilienza in situazione di elevato impatto emotivo. Obiettivo: L’obiettivo di questa tesi è mettere in luce il ruolo e le competenze infermieristiche richieste nella comunicazione della diagnosi di morte cerebrale, esplorando a seguire la possibilità di donazione organi. Metodologia di ricerca: Seguendo le linee guida del metodo PRISMA, la presente tesi pone le basi per una revisione della letteratura condotta tra maggio e luglio 2025, al fine di garantire un approccio metodico, chiaro e verificabile. Stabiliti i criteri di inclusione ed esclusione sono stati formulati quattro quesiti di ricerca per la selezione degli articoli, consultando le principali banche dati: PubMed e Cinhal. In base alla pertinenza con i quesiti di ricerca, l’analisi critica delle pubblicazioni in lingua inglese, spagnola e portoghese, è stata concentrata negli ultimi dieci anni. Risultati: La presente revisione di Letteratura ha enfatizzato il ruolo centrale dell’infermiere rispetto la dimensione tecnico – pratica, relazionale – comunicativa, etica e deontologica. Durante l’accertamento della morte cerebrale le competenze medico – scientifiche sono fondamentali per riconoscere tempestivamente segni di deterioramento clinico che potrebbero compromettere i processi di mantenimento e donazione di organi. Al tempo stesso, è essenziale la comunicazione della diagnosi alla famiglia, mediante un linguaggio diretto, chiaro ed empatico rispettandone emotività, negazione e dolore. Sarà determinante il ruolo infermieristico per facilitare la comprensione della diagnosi, accompagnare i familiari lungo l’intero percorso che condurrà ad una successiva proposta di donazione organi in spazi e tempi adeguati. Percorsi strutturati e strategie comunicative facilitano la comprensione dell’assistenza fornita al paziente e alla famiglia, valorizzando le capacità professionali, diminuendo sentimenti di sfiducia per favorire il coinvolgimento familiare nell’intero percorso assistenziale. Conclusione: L’assistenza infermieristica rivolta ai pazienti in morte cerebrale richiede abilità tecnico – scientifiche per contribuire all’accertamento del decesso secondo criteri neurologici. Inoltre, si evidenzia come la competenza comunicativa e relazionale rivolta ai familiari lungo l’intero percorso sia rilevante al fine di accettare e comprendere la diagnosi, coinvolgerli attivamente nel processo che comporta all’elaborazione al lutto e presa di decisione consapevole rispetto alla proposta di donazione organi. Parole chiave: brain death, communication, empathy, professional-family relations, emotional involvement, ethics, nurse attitudes, intensive care nurse, organ donation, tissue and organ procurement
Dal lutto al dono di vita: competenze relazionali ed empatiche infermieristiche nella comunicazione con i familiari dinanzi la morte cerebrale
GIONA, ANNA
2024/2025
Abstract
Introduction: The diagnosis of brain death represents a complex event from a clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic, communicative, and emotional perspective. It significantly involves not only the healthcare team but also the patient’s family, who face a new, often dramatically sudden, and always painful and stressful situation—particularly when young patients are involved. In this context, families often seek clear answers, emotional support, and guidance, making effective, empathetic, and timely communication by healthcare professionals essential. Numerous studies have highlighted the difficulties faced by nurses, as key figures in the caring relationship. In particular, challenges emerge in managing their own emotions, coping with others’ suffering, and communicating tragic or end-of-life news. These aspects represent significant challenges for nurses, who are called upon to combine technical competence, empathy, and resilience in highly emotionally charged situations. Objective: The aim of this thesis is to highlight the role and nursing competencies required in communicating the diagnosis of brain death, further exploring the subsequent possibility of organ donation. Methodology: Following the PRISMA method guidelines, this thesis establishes the basis for a literature review conducted between May and July 2025, in order to ensure a methodical, clear, and verifiable approach. After defining inclusion and exclusion criteria, four research questions were formulated for article selection, consulting the main databases: PubMed and CINAHL. Based on relevance to the research questions, a critical analysis of publications in English, Spanish, and Portuguese was conducted, focusing on the last ten years. Results: This literature review emphasized the central role of nurses in the technical–practical, relational–communicative, ethical, and deontological dimensions. During brain death assessment, medical–scientific competencies are essential to promptly identify clinical deterioration that could compromise organ maintenance and donation processes. At the same time, clear, direct, and empathetic communication of the diagnosis to the family is crucial, with respect for their emotional state, denial, and grief. The nursing role is therefore pivotal in facilitating understanding of the diagnosis, supporting families throughout the process leading to the subsequent proposal of organ donation, within appropriate spaces and timing. Structured pathways and communication strategies enhance understanding of the care provided to both patient and family, promote professional competence, and reduce mistrust, thereby fostering family involvement throughout the entire care process. Conclusion: Nursing care for patients diagnosed with brain death requires technical and scientific skills to contribute to the determination of death according to neurological criteria. Furthermore, communicative and relational competence aimed at families throughout the entire process is crucial to promote acceptance and understanding of the diagnosis, to actively involve them in the process of grief elaboration, and to support an informed decision regarding the proposal of organ donation. Keywords: brain death, communication, empathy, professional-family relations, emotional involvement, ethics, nurse attitudes, intensive care nurse, organ donation, tissue and organ procurement| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/98235