The German Peasants’ War of 1524-1525, or “Bauernkrieg”, was one of the most important and discussed popular uprisings of the early modern period. It involved the revolt of over three hundred thousand people, including peasants, miners, commoners and urban classes from the territorial cities of the Holy Roman Empire to the extent that it can be defined as a true “revolution of the common man”. It began around the summer of 1524 in the area enclosed between Lake Constance, the Black Forest, and Upper Swabia, but thanks to the publication in February-March 1525 of the Twelve Articles and other proclamations containing the movement’s demands, it quickly spread to involve the entire southern Germany. The insurgents stormed monasteries and castles and, to give structure and order to the rebellion, they associated into religiously inspired groups called “Landschaften”. The repression of the revolt was entrusted by the local lords to the Swabian League, which, thanks to its army of Landsknechts, laid waste to the peasant villages, leaving over one hundred thousand dead on the battlefields. The research will focus on clarifying the causes, objectives, and consequences of the Bauernkrieg, concentrating especially on the economic, political, and social context of early sixteenth-century Germany. Particular emphasis will be given to one of the most significant local variants of the movement: the Tyrolean Peasants’ War. The case of Tyrol stands out due to the peculiar confederal organization of the area, the influence of the mountainous environment on its economy and society, and the figure of Michael Gaismair, the “Bauernführer” who led the insurgents from the siege of the Abbey of Novacella onward. Central to the research will be the analysis of the most controversial document produced during those turbulent years: the so-called “Tiroler Landesordnung”, a republican-popular territorial ordinance attributed to Gaismair himself. Finally, the inquiry will attempt to answer a question: did the Peasants’ War have a revolutionary or “conservative” character?
La guerra dei contadini tedeschi del 1524-1525, o "Bauernkrieg", fu una delle insurrezioni popolari più importanti e discusse dell'età moderna. Si trattò della sollevazione di oltre trecentomila persone, tra contadini, minatori, borghigiani e ceti cittadini delle città territoriali del Sacro Romano Impero, tanto da potersi definire come una vera e propria "rivoluzione dell'uomo comune". Essa ebbe inizio attorno all'estate del 1524 nell'area racchiusa tra il lago di Costanza, la Foresta Nera e l'Alta Svevia, ma grazie alla pubblicazione, avvenuta nel febbraio-marzo del 1525, dei Dodici Articoli e di altri proclami contenenti le istanze del movimento, si espanse rapidamente fino a coinvolgere l'intera Germania meridionale. Gli insorti presero d'assalto monasteri e castelli, e, per dare una struttura e un ordine all'insurrezione, si associarono in gruppi di ispirazione religiosa chiamati "Landschaften". La repressione della rivolta fu affidata dai signori locali alla Lega Sveva, che, grazie al proprio esercito di lanzichenecchi, mise a ferro e fuoco i villaggi contadini, lasciando sui campi di battaglia oltre centomila vittime. La ricerca di occuperà di fare chiarezza sulle cause, sugli obiettivi e sulle conseguenze della Bauernkrieg, soffermandosi soprattutto sul contesto economico, politico e sociale della Germania del primo Cinquecento. Particolare rilievo sarà assegnato ad una delle declinazioni locali più significative del movimento: la guerra contadina tirolese. A rendere così rilevante il caso del Tirolo contribuirono la peculiare organizzazione confederale dell'area, l'influenza dell'ambiente montano sull'economia e sulla società, e la figura di Michael Gaismair, "Bauernführer" che guidò gli insorti nella rivolta sin dall'assedio all'abbazia di Novacella. Avrà un ruolo centrale nella ricerca l'analisi del documento più controverso tra quelli prodotti in quegli anni turbolenti: la cosiddetta "Tiroler Landesordnung", un progetto di ordinamento territoriale di stampo repubblicano-popolare attribuito allo stesso Gaismair. Si tenterà infine di rispondere ad un quesito: la guerra dei contadini ebbe un carattere rivoluzionario o "conservatore"?
Conflitto sociale e rivoluzione contadina. Dalla Svevia al Tirolo (1524-1526)
TOMMASI, GIOELE
2024/2025
Abstract
The German Peasants’ War of 1524-1525, or “Bauernkrieg”, was one of the most important and discussed popular uprisings of the early modern period. It involved the revolt of over three hundred thousand people, including peasants, miners, commoners and urban classes from the territorial cities of the Holy Roman Empire to the extent that it can be defined as a true “revolution of the common man”. It began around the summer of 1524 in the area enclosed between Lake Constance, the Black Forest, and Upper Swabia, but thanks to the publication in February-March 1525 of the Twelve Articles and other proclamations containing the movement’s demands, it quickly spread to involve the entire southern Germany. The insurgents stormed monasteries and castles and, to give structure and order to the rebellion, they associated into religiously inspired groups called “Landschaften”. The repression of the revolt was entrusted by the local lords to the Swabian League, which, thanks to its army of Landsknechts, laid waste to the peasant villages, leaving over one hundred thousand dead on the battlefields. The research will focus on clarifying the causes, objectives, and consequences of the Bauernkrieg, concentrating especially on the economic, political, and social context of early sixteenth-century Germany. Particular emphasis will be given to one of the most significant local variants of the movement: the Tyrolean Peasants’ War. The case of Tyrol stands out due to the peculiar confederal organization of the area, the influence of the mountainous environment on its economy and society, and the figure of Michael Gaismair, the “Bauernführer” who led the insurgents from the siege of the Abbey of Novacella onward. Central to the research will be the analysis of the most controversial document produced during those turbulent years: the so-called “Tiroler Landesordnung”, a republican-popular territorial ordinance attributed to Gaismair himself. Finally, the inquiry will attempt to answer a question: did the Peasants’ War have a revolutionary or “conservative” character?| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/98531