This thesis explores the delicate relationship between security and human rights through the emblematic case of the maximum-security prison El Cecot in El Salvador. The analysis begins with an overview of the international human rights system and the role of states, international organizations and NGOs, highlighting the limits of mechanisms that often remain more formal than effective. It then examines the influence of external actors – such as the European Union, the International Monetary Fund and the Organization of American States – on El Salvador’s internal policies, particularly in the penitentiary sector. The core of the research, however, focuses on President Nayib Bukele’s security strategy, marked by a prolonged state of emergency and the construction of El Cecot, as well as the contrasting reactions of the international community. The study reveals a complex picture: on the one hand, the decline in violence has strengthened the government’s domestic support; on the other, it has come at a high cost in terms of fundamental rights, with arbitrary detentions and inhumane prison conditions. The Salvadoran case thus becomes a testing ground to understand how strong internal legitimacy can weaken the effectiveness of international mechanisms and how fragile is the balance remains between public order and the protection of human dignity. The thesis ultimately offers a critical reflection on this central dilemma: true security cannot arise from the suspension of rights, but from their full recognition as the foundation of every democracy.
Questa tesi affronta il delicato rapporto tra sicurezza e diritti umani partendo dal caso emblematico del carcere di massima sicurezza El Cecot in El Salvador. L’analisi prende avvio da una ricostruzione del sistema internazionale dei diritti umani e del ruolo che Stati, organizzazioni internazionali e ONG hanno nella loro tutela, per mettere in luce i limiti di strumenti che spesso restano sulla carta. Successivamente l’attenzione si concentra sul condizionamento esercitato da attori esterni – come l’Unione Europea, il Fondo Monetario Internazionale e l’Organizzazione degli Stati Americani – sulle politiche interne, in particolare quelle legate al sistema penitenziario salvadoregno. Il cuore della ricerca riguarda però la strategia securitaria del presidente Nayib Bukele, segnata da uno stato di emergenza prolungato e dalla costruzione del CECOT, e le reazioni contrastanti della comunità internazionale. Dallo studio emerge un quadro complesso: da un lato, la riduzione della violenza ha rafforzato il consenso interno al governo; dall’altro, il prezzo pagato è stato altissimo in termini di diritti fondamentali, con detenzioni arbitrarie e condizioni carcerarie disumane. Il caso di El Salvador diventa così un banco di prova per capire quanto la legittimazione interna possa indebolire l’azione degli organismi internazionali e quanto fragile sia l’equilibrio tra ordine pubblico e rispetto della dignità umana. La tesi vuole quindi offrire una riflessione critica su questo nodo centrale: la vera sicurezza non può nascere dalla sospensione dei diritti, ma dal loro pieno riconoscimento come fondamento di ogni democrazia.
Diritti umani e sicurezza: il caso della prigione El Cecot nel quadro delle relazioni internazionali
MORO, JESSICA
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis explores the delicate relationship between security and human rights through the emblematic case of the maximum-security prison El Cecot in El Salvador. The analysis begins with an overview of the international human rights system and the role of states, international organizations and NGOs, highlighting the limits of mechanisms that often remain more formal than effective. It then examines the influence of external actors – such as the European Union, the International Monetary Fund and the Organization of American States – on El Salvador’s internal policies, particularly in the penitentiary sector. The core of the research, however, focuses on President Nayib Bukele’s security strategy, marked by a prolonged state of emergency and the construction of El Cecot, as well as the contrasting reactions of the international community. The study reveals a complex picture: on the one hand, the decline in violence has strengthened the government’s domestic support; on the other, it has come at a high cost in terms of fundamental rights, with arbitrary detentions and inhumane prison conditions. The Salvadoran case thus becomes a testing ground to understand how strong internal legitimacy can weaken the effectiveness of international mechanisms and how fragile is the balance remains between public order and the protection of human dignity. The thesis ultimately offers a critical reflection on this central dilemma: true security cannot arise from the suspension of rights, but from their full recognition as the foundation of every democracy.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/98856