The purpose of this paper is to analyze gender disparity in the Italian labour market , considering a time period that starts from the beginning of the new millennium and extends up to 2022. The gap between men and women is present in many areas of life, but in particular this study will examine what emerges in the labour market, which includes several issues. Among these we can mention the gender pay gap and the employment gap, which reflects the underrepresentation of women in leadership positions and in politics. All these elements are a result of an historical and cultural legacy that continues to keep women in a subordinate position compared to men. The role of women has always been kept marginalized in our society, they have been long considered the “second sex”, the “shadow” of the first. However, we cannot imagine progress in society without simultaneously considering the advancement of women’s conditions. This thesis intends to highlight critical issues and good practices implemented in the Italian context, in order to improve the condition of women in the work environment. Many actors are involved, and a response is being sought not only from the government but also from businesses and citizens, who must become aware of the problem. If we want to reduce the gender gap in employment, we must start from our small reality, opening our eyes and refusing to remain indifferent to injustices. The first chapter focuses on a statistical analysis of gender inequality, offering an overview of the gender pay gap, reporting data relating to employment and unemployment of the female population in Italy, and highlighting the inequalities that exists between the North and the South of Italy. The second chapter is dedicated to the Italian laws and initiatives designed to combat gender disparities in the labour market. As stated in the Constitution, equal social dignity and equal rights for all is a fundamental right, but empirical evidence shows a different reality. Italy has not remained indifferent to these inequalities, resulting in a series of policies and measures with the aim of reducing the gender gap. Female workers assume responsibility for most of the unpaid care work, caring for children and elderly parents, which represents one of the main obstacles to their participation in the labour market. This often deprives them of energy and precious time, forcing them to make a choice that no women should have to make, that is, choosing between career and family. In addition to addressing these issues, the third chapter will consider maternity protections and the related laws and allowances. In conclusion, the last chapter provides an overview of the disparity present in the different economic sectors, which persists mostly in the STEM fields and subjects, where men are more represented. This is mainly because, in education, women are more likely to pursue a humanistic career, resulting in a higher number of male students graduating in the scientific field. But, regardless of the course of study chosen, it remains clear that women still find more difficulties in finding a job that relates to their studies, unlike men. Further challenges they encounter, include reaching top positions or leadership roles in companies. Finally, the study seeks to provide an answer to the research question and draw conclusions about the future of Italy with regard to this topic.
L’elaborato in questione si propone di analizzare la disparità di genere nel mondo del lavoro in Italia, prendendo in considerazione un periodo temporale che parte dall’inizio del nuovo Millennio e giunge fino al 2022. Il divario tra uomini e donne è presente in molteplici ambiti della vita, ma in particolare si andrà ad analizzare quello che emerge nel mondo del lavoro, e che comprende diverse questioni. Tra queste possiamo citare il divario retributivo di genere, o gender pay gap, ma anche il divario occupazionale che dimostra una sottorappresentanza delle donne nelle posizioni di leadership e in politica. Tutti questi elementi sono frutto di un retaggio storico culturale che tiene la donna in una posizione inferiore rispetto all’uomo. Il ruolo della donna è da sempre tenuto in ombra nella nostra società, essa è il “secondo” sesso, l’”ombra” del primo. Ma non si può pensare a un miglioramento della società senza pensare in contemporanea ad un progresso della condizione della donna. La tesi intende mettere in luce criticità e buone pratiche realizzate nel contesto italiano, al fine di migliorare la condizione della donna nell’ambito lavorativo. I soggetti coinvolti sono molteplici e viene chiesta una risposta non solo dallo Stato, ma anche dalle imprese e dai cittadini stessi che devono prendere consapevolezza del problema. Se si vuole ridurre il divario di genere nel lavoro, si deve partire dalla nostra piccola realtà, aprire gli occhi e non restare indifferenti davanti alle ingiustizie. Il primo capitolo vuole focalizzarsi su un’analisi statistica della disuguaglianza di genere, offrendo una panoramica sul divario retributivo di genere, riportando dati relativi all’occupazione e disoccupazione femminile in Italia, e mettendo in luce le disparità che si riscontrano anche tra Nord e Sud. Il secondo capitolo è dedicato alle leggi ed iniziative italiane volte a contrastare la disparità di genere nel lavoro. Come si legge nella Costituzione, la pari dignità sociale e l’uguaglianza di tutti davanti alla legge è un diritto imprescindibile, ma i fatti empirici dimostrano una diversa realtà. L’Italia non è rimasta indifferente di fronte alle avversità, dando vita ad una serie di interventi e strategie con l’obiettivo di diminuire la disparità di genere. Le donne lavoratrici si fanno carico della maggior parte del lavoro di cura, sia dei figli che dei genitori anziani, e ciò costituisce uno dei principali ostacoli alla loro partecipazione nel mercato del lavoro, sottraendo loro energie e tempo prezioso, e mettendole di fronte ad una scelta che spesso nessuna donna vorrebbe fare, ovvero quella di scegliere tra carriera e figli. Oltre a prendere in considerazione questi temi, nel terzo capitolo saranno prese in considerazione anche le tutele per la maternità e le leggi e bonus a riguardo. In conclusione, il quarto capitolo fornisce una panoramica sulla disparità nei vari settori economici, che persiste per lo più nell’area e nelle discipline STEM, in cui si rileva una maggiore presenza maschile. Ciò è dettato in larga misura dal fatto che nell’istruzione le donne sono più propense a scegliere percorsi umanistici, con il risultato che sono di più gli uomini a laurearsi nel settore scientifico. Ma a prescindere dal percorso di studi scelto, resta evidente che le donne riscontrano comunque più difficoltà nel trovare un lavoro che sia coerente con esso, a differenza degli uomini. Ulteriori sfide per le donne sono anche il raggiungere vertici importanti in azienda o diventare manager di un’impresa. Infine si vuole fornire una risposta alla domanda di ricerca e trarre delle conclusioni sui dati raccolti circa il futuro dell’Italia in merito a tale tematica.
La disparità di genere nel mondo del lavoro in Italia dal 2000 al 2022: un’analisi della situazione.
MUNARETTO, GIULIA
2024/2025
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to analyze gender disparity in the Italian labour market , considering a time period that starts from the beginning of the new millennium and extends up to 2022. The gap between men and women is present in many areas of life, but in particular this study will examine what emerges in the labour market, which includes several issues. Among these we can mention the gender pay gap and the employment gap, which reflects the underrepresentation of women in leadership positions and in politics. All these elements are a result of an historical and cultural legacy that continues to keep women in a subordinate position compared to men. The role of women has always been kept marginalized in our society, they have been long considered the “second sex”, the “shadow” of the first. However, we cannot imagine progress in society without simultaneously considering the advancement of women’s conditions. This thesis intends to highlight critical issues and good practices implemented in the Italian context, in order to improve the condition of women in the work environment. Many actors are involved, and a response is being sought not only from the government but also from businesses and citizens, who must become aware of the problem. If we want to reduce the gender gap in employment, we must start from our small reality, opening our eyes and refusing to remain indifferent to injustices. The first chapter focuses on a statistical analysis of gender inequality, offering an overview of the gender pay gap, reporting data relating to employment and unemployment of the female population in Italy, and highlighting the inequalities that exists between the North and the South of Italy. The second chapter is dedicated to the Italian laws and initiatives designed to combat gender disparities in the labour market. As stated in the Constitution, equal social dignity and equal rights for all is a fundamental right, but empirical evidence shows a different reality. Italy has not remained indifferent to these inequalities, resulting in a series of policies and measures with the aim of reducing the gender gap. Female workers assume responsibility for most of the unpaid care work, caring for children and elderly parents, which represents one of the main obstacles to their participation in the labour market. This often deprives them of energy and precious time, forcing them to make a choice that no women should have to make, that is, choosing between career and family. In addition to addressing these issues, the third chapter will consider maternity protections and the related laws and allowances. In conclusion, the last chapter provides an overview of the disparity present in the different economic sectors, which persists mostly in the STEM fields and subjects, where men are more represented. This is mainly because, in education, women are more likely to pursue a humanistic career, resulting in a higher number of male students graduating in the scientific field. But, regardless of the course of study chosen, it remains clear that women still find more difficulties in finding a job that relates to their studies, unlike men. Further challenges they encounter, include reaching top positions or leadership roles in companies. Finally, the study seeks to provide an answer to the research question and draw conclusions about the future of Italy with regard to this topic.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/98857