The right to self-determination of peoples is a cornerstone of contemporary international law, enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and reaffirmed in major human rights instruments. Initially linked to the process of decolonization, it continues to raise complex legal questions in unresolved territorial disputes. This thesis focuses on the case of Western Sahara, one of the longest-standing and most controversial examples of an unfulfilled self-determination process. A former Spanish colony, the territory is today claimed by the Kingdom of Morocco and the Polisario Front, with the United Nations maintaining a peacekeeping mission (MINURSO) since 1991, originally tasked with organizing a referendum that has yet to take place. After a theoretical and historical-legal overview, the research examines the recent practice of States and international organizations, with specific attention to the positions adopted by Morocco, Algeria, Italy, Spain, France, and the United States, as well as the stances of the United Nations, the European Union, and the African Union. Drawing upon official documents, international agreements, statements, resolutions, and jurisprudence, the aim is to assess whether these actions are consistent with international law on the right to self-determination. Ultimately, the thesis seeks to offer a critical reflection on the gap between legal norms and political practice.
Il diritto all’autodeterminazione dei popoli rappresenta uno dei fondamenti dell’ordinamento internazionale contemporaneo, sancito nella Carta delle Nazioni Unite e nei principali strumenti del diritto internazionale e dei diritti umani. Un principio legato storicamente al processo di decolonizzazione, esso continua a trovare applicazione in contesti di controversia territoriale e politica. Il presente elaborato analizza la questione giuridica del Sahara Occidentale, un caso complesso e irrisolto di autodeterminazione. Ex colonia spagnola, oggi contesa tra il Regno del Marocco e il Fronte Polisario, il Sahara Occidentale è oggetto di attenzione costante da parte della comunità internazionale e delle Nazioni Unite, che dal 1991 mantengono una missione di peacekeeping (MINURSO) con il mandato originario, ma mai attuato, di organizzare un referendum. Dopo un inquadramento teorico e storico-giuridico, la tesi si concentra sull’analisi della prassi concreta degli Stati e delle organizzazioni internazionali, con particolare attenzione ai comportamenti recenti di Marocco, Algeria, Italia, Spagna, Francia e Stati Uniti, nonché alle posizioni assunte da ONU, Unione Europea e Unione Africana. Attraverso l’esame di fonti primarie, quali dichiarazioni ufficiali, accordi bilaterali, risoluzioni e sentenze; si cerca di valutare la conformità di tali prassi al diritto internazionale vigente in materia di autodeterminazione. L’obiettivo è quello di offrire una riflessione critica sulla tensione tra diritto e prassi.
Il diritto all’autodeterminazione dei popoli: il caso del Sahara Occidentale
PIVA, FRANCESCA
2024/2025
Abstract
The right to self-determination of peoples is a cornerstone of contemporary international law, enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and reaffirmed in major human rights instruments. Initially linked to the process of decolonization, it continues to raise complex legal questions in unresolved territorial disputes. This thesis focuses on the case of Western Sahara, one of the longest-standing and most controversial examples of an unfulfilled self-determination process. A former Spanish colony, the territory is today claimed by the Kingdom of Morocco and the Polisario Front, with the United Nations maintaining a peacekeeping mission (MINURSO) since 1991, originally tasked with organizing a referendum that has yet to take place. After a theoretical and historical-legal overview, the research examines the recent practice of States and international organizations, with specific attention to the positions adopted by Morocco, Algeria, Italy, Spain, France, and the United States, as well as the stances of the United Nations, the European Union, and the African Union. Drawing upon official documents, international agreements, statements, resolutions, and jurisprudence, the aim is to assess whether these actions are consistent with international law on the right to self-determination. Ultimately, the thesis seeks to offer a critical reflection on the gap between legal norms and political practice.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/98868