This thesis analyzes the issue of the Islamic headscarf in sports contexts in France, in which Muslim women are daily obliged to choose whether to express their identity and religion, or to practice sports. The objective is to analyze and investigate the consequences that the ban on wearing the hijab in official competitions has on religious freedom, human rights and gender equality. The central question of this thesis is: does wearing the veil in sport represent a real problem for the neutrality and security of the State, or is it a field of political and symbolic conflict that leads to imposing a ban that mainly limits women's freedom? To answer this question, the thesis analyzes French and international legislation, combining it with a gender perspective and a comparison with other realities, in particular with that in Iran. Following an insight of the religious, political and cultural meanings of the veil and the position of sport as a traditionally male environment, the official French justifications and their lack of coherence with the reality of sports practice are analysed. The differences between the French position and the more inclusive regulations adopted by FIFA and the IOC are then highlighted, as well as making a comparison between the French ban and, on the other hand, the Iranian obligation: two completely opposite models, but united by a absence of freedom for women. Finally, it focuses on grassroots protest and resistance actions, such as those of the Hijabeuses collective, which claims the right to practice sport without necessarily having to give up its identity. From this analysis it emerged that sport, which should be neutral and inclusive, actually turns into a political field in which much broader issues are played out. The thesis therefore comes to the conclusion that this French ban, as well as the Iranian obligation, does not help to guarantee real emancipation, but in both cases contributes to the use of women's bodies as a political tool. On the contrary, the recognition of individual freedom of choice would be a concrete form of equality, which should be guaranteed as the foundation of a more inclusive, free sportsmanship that respects human rights.
In questa tesi viene analizzata la questione del velo islamico nei contesti sportivi in Francia, in cui le donne musulmane sono quotidianamente obbligate a scegliere se esprimere la propria identità e religione, oppure praticare sport. L'obiettivo è quello di analizzare e indagare le conseguenze che il divieto di indossare l'hijab nelle competizioni ufficiali ha in materia di libertà religiosa, diritti umani e uguaglianza di genere. L'interrogativo centrale di questa tesi è: indossare il velo nello sport rappresenta un reale problema alla neutralità e alla sicurezza dello Stato, oppure è un campo di conflitto politico e simbolico che porta ad imporre un divieto che va principalmente a limitare la libertà delle donne? Per rispondere a questo interrogativo la tesi va ad analizzare la normativa, francese ed internazionale, combinandola ad una prospettiva di genere e ad un confronto con altre realtà, in particolare con quella in Iran. A seguito di un approfondimento sui significati religiosi, politici e culturali del velo e sulla posizione dello sport come ambiente tradizionalmente maschile, vengono analizzate le giustificazioni ufficiali francesi e la loro scarsa coerenza con la realtà della pratica sportiva. Vengono poi evidenziate le differenze tra la posizione francese e i regolamenti più inclusivi adottati da FIFA e CIO, oltre ad effettuare un confronto tra il divieto francese e, dall'altro lato, l'obbligo iraniano: due modelli completamente opposti, ma accomunati da un'assenza di libertà per le donne. Infine si focalizza sulle azioni di protesta e resistenza dal basso, come quelle del collettivo delle Hijabeuses, che rivendica il diritto di praticare sport senza dover per forza rinunciare alla propria identità. Da quest'analisi è emerso che lo sport, il quale dovrebbe essere neutro e inclusivo, in realtà si trasforma in un campo politico in cui si giocano questioni molto più ampie. La tesi quindi arriva alla conclusione che questo divieto francese, come anche l'obbligo iraniano, non aiuta a garantire una reale emancipazione, ma in entrambi i casi contribuisce all'utilizzo del corpo delle donne come strumento politico. Al contrario, il riconoscimento della libertà di scelta individuale sarebbe una concreta forma di uguaglianza, che dovrebbe essere garantita come fondamento di una sportività più inclusiva, libera e rispettosa dei diritti umani.
Il divieto dell’hijab nello sport in Francia: un caso di controllo politico sul corpo delle donne musulmane?
ZAGO, ELENA
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis analyzes the issue of the Islamic headscarf in sports contexts in France, in which Muslim women are daily obliged to choose whether to express their identity and religion, or to practice sports. The objective is to analyze and investigate the consequences that the ban on wearing the hijab in official competitions has on religious freedom, human rights and gender equality. The central question of this thesis is: does wearing the veil in sport represent a real problem for the neutrality and security of the State, or is it a field of political and symbolic conflict that leads to imposing a ban that mainly limits women's freedom? To answer this question, the thesis analyzes French and international legislation, combining it with a gender perspective and a comparison with other realities, in particular with that in Iran. Following an insight of the religious, political and cultural meanings of the veil and the position of sport as a traditionally male environment, the official French justifications and their lack of coherence with the reality of sports practice are analysed. The differences between the French position and the more inclusive regulations adopted by FIFA and the IOC are then highlighted, as well as making a comparison between the French ban and, on the other hand, the Iranian obligation: two completely opposite models, but united by a absence of freedom for women. Finally, it focuses on grassroots protest and resistance actions, such as those of the Hijabeuses collective, which claims the right to practice sport without necessarily having to give up its identity. From this analysis it emerged that sport, which should be neutral and inclusive, actually turns into a political field in which much broader issues are played out. The thesis therefore comes to the conclusion that this French ban, as well as the Iranian obligation, does not help to guarantee real emancipation, but in both cases contributes to the use of women's bodies as a political tool. On the contrary, the recognition of individual freedom of choice would be a concrete form of equality, which should be guaranteed as the foundation of a more inclusive, free sportsmanship that respects human rights.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/98899