The definition most commonly used in the scientific literature defines pharmacological polytherapy as the simultaneous use of 5 or more drugs. These treatments, called polytherapy, represent one of the challenges attributable to patients who present a prevalence of multimorbidity, in the management of special-needs patients, and in an aging population. Although the simultaneous intake of drugs aims to improve the patient’s condition, the risk of adverse events is always present. These potential risks arise from interactions between drugs, or between drugs and diseases, or from incorrect administration and monitoring. Materials and Methods This thesis aims to analyze the impact of pharmacological polytherapy on oral health in patients with special needs, highlighting the main drugs involved, their clinical manifestations in the oral cavity, and the most appropriate preventive and therapeutic strategies. Particular attention was given to the difficulties in the daily management of oral hygiene in this population, considering both the patient’s physical and cognitive limitations and aspects related to cooperation and access to care. For the development of this thesis, a thorough literature review was conducted using accredited sources such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and institutional websites. Scientific articles, guidelines, and recent and relevant reviews were selected, with a focus on the clinical management of polypharmacy in fragile patients. Furthermore, educational materials collected during the university program were used. Among the main sources, the article by Mair et al. (2020) provided a valuable contribution to understanding the clinical and organizational dynamics related to the combined use of multiple medications and the strategies for their appropriate management. This article indicates that polypharmacotherapy is the concomitant use of multiple drugs and that it represents a growing global challenge due to the increased prevalence of multimorbidity. Results Pharmacological polytherapy represents a factor of significant economic impact, strongly influencing the demand for healthcare services and the rate of hospitalization. It can negatively affect the quality of life of patients, also compromising the state of health of the oral cavity. In addition to the potentially avoidable harm resulting from the simultaneous intake of several medications, polytherapy can lead to therapeutic failure, with estimates indicating that about one in two patients takes four or more drugs incorrectly. In light of such evidence, it becomes clear that the management of polytherapy requires a multidisciplinary approach. Close collaboration among all professionals involved in patient care is essential so that the patient can maintain, as much as possible, a good quality of life and continue daily activities with minimal discomfort. Conclusions In disabled patients, motor, cognitive, and behavioral difficulties make it even more complex to maintain correct oral hygiene, increasing the risk of complications. Consequently, it will be necessary to adopt appropriate prevention techniques and/or treatments to improve the quality of life of these patients, while also educating caregivers and, as much as possible, the patients themselves, provided that they present a sufficient level of cooperation.
La definizione maggiormente utilizzata nella letteratura scientifica, definisce la politerapia farmacologica come l’uso concomitante di 5 o più farmaci. Questi trattamenti prendono il nome di politerapia, rappresentano una delle sfide attribuibili a pazienti che presentano una prevalenza di multimorbilità, nella gestione di pazienti special needs e nell’invecchiamento della popolazione. Seppur l’assunzione concomitante di farmaci punti a far stare meglio il paziente, il rischio che si verifichino eventi avversi è sempre presente. Questi potenziali rischi sono dati dall’interazione tra i farmaci, o tra i farmaci e le malattie, o da una somministrazione e monitoraggio errati. Materiali e metodi La presente tesi si propone di analizzare l’impatto della politerapia farmacologica sulla salute orale nei pazienti con bisogni speciali, evidenziando i principali farmaci coinvolti, le loro manifestazioni cliniche a livello del cavo orale e le strategie preventive e terapeutiche più adeguate. Particolare attenzione è stata rivolta alle difficoltà nella gestione quotidiana dell’igiene orale in questa popolazione, considerando sia i limiti fisici e cognitivi del paziente, sia gli aspetti legati alla collaborazione e all’accesso alle cure. Per la realizzazione di questa tesi è stata condotta un’accurata revisione della letteratura, utilizzando fonti accreditate come PubMed, Google Scholar e siti istituzionali. Sono stati selezionati articoli scientifici, linee guida e revisioni recenti e pertinenti al tema, con un focus sulla gestione clinica della polifarmacia nei pazienti fragili. Inoltre, sono stati utilizzati contenuti didattici raccolti durante il percorso universitario. Tra le fonti principali, l’articolo di Mair et al. (2020) ha fornito un valido contributo per comprendere le dinamiche cliniche e organizzative legate all’uso combinato di più farmaci e le strategie per una loro gestione appropriata. Questo articolo indica come la polifarmacoterapia sia l’uso concomitante di più farmaci e come sia una sfida globale crescente, dovuta alla maggiore diffusione di multimorbilità. Risultati La politerapia farmacologica rappresenta un fattore di rilevante impatto economico, incidendo in maniera significativa sulla domanda di servizi sanitari e sul tasso di ospedalizzazione. Può influire negativamente sulla qualità della vita dei pazienti, compromettendo anche lo stato di salute del cavo orale. Oltre ai potenziali danni evitabili derivanti dall'assunzione simultanea di più farmaci, la politerapia può condurre al fallimento terapeutico, con stime che indicano il fatto che circa un paziente su due assuma quattro o più farmaci in maniera scorretta. Alla luce di tali evidenze, risulta chiaro come la gestione della politerapia richieda un approccio multidisciplinare. Una stretta collaborazione tra tutti i professionisti coinvolti nella cura del paziente è fondamentale affinché il paziente possa mantenere, per quanto possibile, una buona qualità di vita e proseguire le attività quotidiane con il minimo disagio. Conclusioni Nei pazienti disabili, le difficoltà motorie, cognitive e comportamentali rendono ancora più complesso mantenere una corretta igiene orale, aumentando il rischio di problematiche. Di conseguenza sarà necessario adoperare le giuste tecniche di prevenzione e/o trattamenti per migliorare la qualità di vita di questi pazienti, istruendo allo stesso tempo i caregiver e quanto più possibile anche i pazienti a patto che presentino un grado di collaborazione sufficiente.
La gestione odontoiatrica del paziente special needs: implicazioni cliniche della politerapia farmacologica sul cavo orale. Revisione della Letteratura.
BIONDO, KARIN
2024/2025
Abstract
The definition most commonly used in the scientific literature defines pharmacological polytherapy as the simultaneous use of 5 or more drugs. These treatments, called polytherapy, represent one of the challenges attributable to patients who present a prevalence of multimorbidity, in the management of special-needs patients, and in an aging population. Although the simultaneous intake of drugs aims to improve the patient’s condition, the risk of adverse events is always present. These potential risks arise from interactions between drugs, or between drugs and diseases, or from incorrect administration and monitoring. Materials and Methods This thesis aims to analyze the impact of pharmacological polytherapy on oral health in patients with special needs, highlighting the main drugs involved, their clinical manifestations in the oral cavity, and the most appropriate preventive and therapeutic strategies. Particular attention was given to the difficulties in the daily management of oral hygiene in this population, considering both the patient’s physical and cognitive limitations and aspects related to cooperation and access to care. For the development of this thesis, a thorough literature review was conducted using accredited sources such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and institutional websites. Scientific articles, guidelines, and recent and relevant reviews were selected, with a focus on the clinical management of polypharmacy in fragile patients. Furthermore, educational materials collected during the university program were used. Among the main sources, the article by Mair et al. (2020) provided a valuable contribution to understanding the clinical and organizational dynamics related to the combined use of multiple medications and the strategies for their appropriate management. This article indicates that polypharmacotherapy is the concomitant use of multiple drugs and that it represents a growing global challenge due to the increased prevalence of multimorbidity. Results Pharmacological polytherapy represents a factor of significant economic impact, strongly influencing the demand for healthcare services and the rate of hospitalization. It can negatively affect the quality of life of patients, also compromising the state of health of the oral cavity. In addition to the potentially avoidable harm resulting from the simultaneous intake of several medications, polytherapy can lead to therapeutic failure, with estimates indicating that about one in two patients takes four or more drugs incorrectly. In light of such evidence, it becomes clear that the management of polytherapy requires a multidisciplinary approach. Close collaboration among all professionals involved in patient care is essential so that the patient can maintain, as much as possible, a good quality of life and continue daily activities with minimal discomfort. Conclusions In disabled patients, motor, cognitive, and behavioral difficulties make it even more complex to maintain correct oral hygiene, increasing the risk of complications. Consequently, it will be necessary to adopt appropriate prevention techniques and/or treatments to improve the quality of life of these patients, while also educating caregivers and, as much as possible, the patients themselves, provided that they present a sufficient level of cooperation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/99098