Introduction: Dental caries is a widespread chronic disease, caused by multifactorial elements and associated with the oral biofilm. Traditional diagnosis is based on visual-tactile examination and bitewing radiographs, which are considered the reference standard, especially for interproximal and dentinal lesions. However, radiographs involve exposure to ionizing radiation and must comply with the ALARA principle. In recent years, the DIAGNOcam system has been introduced. It is based on near-infrared transillumination (NIR/NILT), offering a non-invasive, radiation-free optical diagnostic method. It is particularly useful for children, pregnant women, and in all situations where reducing radiation dose is desirable. Moreover, it can be used by dental hygienists, facilitating preventive activities. Aim: To compare probe examination, bitewing radiographs, and DIAGNOcam in the diagnosis of dental caries, assessing diagnostic accuracy, repeatability, operative time, and clinical applicability. Materials and Methods: A systematic review (2015–2025) was conducted by searching PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Google Scholar according to PICO criteria. Both in vivo and in vitro studies reporting sensitivity, specificity, and AUC values were included. A total of 9 studies were selected: 8 on coronal caries and 1 on proximal root caries. Results: - initial enamel lesions: DIAGNOcam shows higher sensitivity and AUC than visual examination and, in many cases, also compared with bitewings. It is suitable for early diagnosis and radiation-free follow-up; - dentinal lesions: results are variable. In some studies, DIAGNOcam performs as well as or better than bitewings; others show higher radiographic specificity, especially for estimating lesion depth; - pediatric patients: DIAGNOcam is more sensitive or not inferior in predicting cavitation, supporting an ALARA-conforming approach; - pregnancy: DIAGNOcam is a valid alternative method for initial lesions and monitoring; - composite restorations: DIAGNOcam and bitewings show similar AUC values; radiographs are more sensitive for deep lesions, while DIAGNOcam is more specific; - proximal root caries: DIAGNOcam is not indicated due to optical limitations; - operativity: DIAGNOcam is faster than bitewings, requires no protective measures or complex positioning, and can be used by dental hygienists without radiogenic risks. Conclusions: No diagnostic method is self-sufficient. The best approach integrates: - DIAGNOcam for early diagnosis, monitoring, and situations requiring low or no radiation exposure; - bitewings for assessing lesion depth and areas not accessible optically; - visual-tactile examination with a probe as a basic clinical screening tool. DIAGNOcam is a complementary device particularly useful in pediatric care, pregnancy, and preventive programs. However, further studies are needed to establish integrated and standardized diagnostic protocols.
Introduzione: La carie dentale è una patologia cronica molto diffusa, causata da fattori multifattoriali e correlata al biofilm orale. La diagnosi tradizionale si basa sull’esame visivo-tattile e sulle radiografie bitewing, considerate standard di riferimento soprattutto per le lesioni interprossimali e dentinali. Tuttavia, le radiografie comportano esposizione a radiazioni ionizzanti e devono rispettare il principio ALARA. Negli ultimi anni è stato introdotto il sistema DIAGNOcam, basato sulla transilluminazione nel vicino infrarosso (NIR/NILT), che consente una diagnosi ottica non invasiva e senza radiazioni. È particolarmente utile nei bambini, nelle donne in gravidanza e in tutte le situazioni in cui si vuole ridurre la dose radiogena. Può inoltre essere utilizzato dall’igienista dentale, facilitando le attività preventive. Scopo: Confrontare specillo, bitewing e DIAGNOcam nella diagnosi della carie, valutando accuratezza, ripetibilità, tempi operativi e applicabilità clinica. Materiali e metodi: È stata eseguita una revisione sistematica (2015-2025) consultando PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane e Google Scholar secondo criteri PICO. Sono stati inclusi studi in vivo e in vitro con dati di sensibilità, specificità e AUC. In totale sono stati selezionati 9 studi: 8 sulla carie coronale e 1 sulla carie radicolare prossimale. Risultati: - lesioni iniziali dello smalto: DIAGNOcam mostra sensibilità e AUC superiori all’esame visivo e, in molti casi, anche alle bitewing. È indicata per diagnosi precoce e follow-up senza radiazioni; - lesioni dentinali: i risultati sono variabili. In alcuni studi la DIAGNOcam è equivalente o migliore delle bitewing; altri mostrano maggiore specificità radiografica, soprattutto per stimare la profondità; - pazienti pedodontici: DIAGNOcam risulta più sensibile o non inferiore nella previsione della cavitazione, supportando un approccio conforme al principio ALARA; - gravidanza: DIAGNOcam metodica alternativa valida per lesioni iniziali e monitoraggio; - restauri in composito: DIAGNOcam e bitewing mostrano AUC simili; le radiografie sono più sensibili nelle lesioni profonde, la DIAGNOcam più specifica; - carie radicolari prossimali: DIAGNOcam non è indicata a causa dei limiti ottici; - operatività: DIAGNOcam è più rapida delle bitewing, non richiede protezioni o posizionamenti complessi ed è utilizzabile dall’igienista senza rischi radiogeni. Conclusioni: Nessuna metodica diagnostica è autosufficiente. L’approccio migliore integra: - DIAGNOcam per diagnosi precoce, monitoraggio e contesti a bassa o nulla esposizione radiogena; - bitewing per valutare profondità e aree non esplorabili otticamente; - esame visivo-tattile mediante specillo come screening clinico di base. La DIAGNOcam è uno strumento complementare particolarmente utile in età pediatrica, in gravidanza e nei programmi di prevenzione. Tuttavia, sono necessari ulteriori studi per definire protocolli diagnostici integrati e standardizzati.
Confronto tra esame clinico visivo-tattile con specillo, radiografie bitewing e DIAGNOcam nella diagnosi della carie dentale: revisione sistematica della letteratura
DE POLLI, CELESTE
2024/2025
Abstract
Introduction: Dental caries is a widespread chronic disease, caused by multifactorial elements and associated with the oral biofilm. Traditional diagnosis is based on visual-tactile examination and bitewing radiographs, which are considered the reference standard, especially for interproximal and dentinal lesions. However, radiographs involve exposure to ionizing radiation and must comply with the ALARA principle. In recent years, the DIAGNOcam system has been introduced. It is based on near-infrared transillumination (NIR/NILT), offering a non-invasive, radiation-free optical diagnostic method. It is particularly useful for children, pregnant women, and in all situations where reducing radiation dose is desirable. Moreover, it can be used by dental hygienists, facilitating preventive activities. Aim: To compare probe examination, bitewing radiographs, and DIAGNOcam in the diagnosis of dental caries, assessing diagnostic accuracy, repeatability, operative time, and clinical applicability. Materials and Methods: A systematic review (2015–2025) was conducted by searching PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Google Scholar according to PICO criteria. Both in vivo and in vitro studies reporting sensitivity, specificity, and AUC values were included. A total of 9 studies were selected: 8 on coronal caries and 1 on proximal root caries. Results: - initial enamel lesions: DIAGNOcam shows higher sensitivity and AUC than visual examination and, in many cases, also compared with bitewings. It is suitable for early diagnosis and radiation-free follow-up; - dentinal lesions: results are variable. In some studies, DIAGNOcam performs as well as or better than bitewings; others show higher radiographic specificity, especially for estimating lesion depth; - pediatric patients: DIAGNOcam is more sensitive or not inferior in predicting cavitation, supporting an ALARA-conforming approach; - pregnancy: DIAGNOcam is a valid alternative method for initial lesions and monitoring; - composite restorations: DIAGNOcam and bitewings show similar AUC values; radiographs are more sensitive for deep lesions, while DIAGNOcam is more specific; - proximal root caries: DIAGNOcam is not indicated due to optical limitations; - operativity: DIAGNOcam is faster than bitewings, requires no protective measures or complex positioning, and can be used by dental hygienists without radiogenic risks. Conclusions: No diagnostic method is self-sufficient. The best approach integrates: - DIAGNOcam for early diagnosis, monitoring, and situations requiring low or no radiation exposure; - bitewings for assessing lesion depth and areas not accessible optically; - visual-tactile examination with a probe as a basic clinical screening tool. DIAGNOcam is a complementary device particularly useful in pediatric care, pregnancy, and preventive programs. However, further studies are needed to establish integrated and standardized diagnostic protocols.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
De_Polli_Celeste.pdf.pdf
Accesso riservato
Dimensione
2.82 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
2.82 MB | Adobe PDF |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/99102