One of the main objectives of the food industry is to guarantee high product quality to meet consumer demands. To this end, there are various industrial techniques for analysing food properties. This thesis focuses on the analysis of the physical-chemical properties and defects of cheese using non-contact ultrasound coupled with air. This is an innovative and modern technique that has grown significantly in recent years. It is reliable, low-cost, non-invasive and represents a leading solution in the field of food research. The main objective of the study is to monitor the evolution of cheese properties during the ripening process. Along with the ultrasound analysis, additional parameters such as cheese thickness, texture, and moisture content are also evaluated. The ultrasonic investigations are carried out using a relatively innovative methodology, which employs both pulse-echo (PE) and transmission-reception (TR) modes. During the study, various parameters are examined, with particular attention to the ultrasonic velocity, hardness and moisture content of the cheese. The results obtained show that ultrasonic velocity and hardness increase as the days of maturation progress, while moisture decreases. The results obtained are in line with expectations, as the progression of maturation leads to water loss, which results in greater compactness of the cheese matrix, thereby promoting both an increase in the propagation speed of ultrasonic waves and an increase in the mechanical strength of the product. The non-contact ultrasonic technique proves particularly effective as it allows rapid, reproducible and accurate measurements to be obtained without altering the product. Furthermore, its non-invasive and low-cost nature makes it suitable not only for research but also for large-scale industrial application. Possible future improvements include optimising the equipment to further reduce measurement noise and increase sensitivity, as well as integrating automated and intelligent data acquisition systems that enable real-time monitoring throughout the ripening process.
Uno degli obiettivi principali delle industrie alimentari è garantire un’alta qualità dei prodotti per soddisfare le richieste dei consumatori. A tal fine, esistono diverse tecniche industriali per analizzare le proprietà degli alimenti. Questa tesi si concentra sull’analisi delle proprietà fisico-chimiche e dei difetti del formaggio utilizzando gli ultrasuoni senza contatto accoppiati con aria. Si tratta di una tecnica innovativa e moderna, in forte crescita negli ultimi anni. È affidabile, a basso costo, non invasiva e rappresenta una soluzione di spicco nel settore della ricerca alimentare. L’obiettivo principale dello studio è monitorare l’evoluzione delle proprietà del formaggio durante il processo di maturazione. Oltre all'analisi ad ultrasuoni, vengono valutati anche altri parametri, come lo spessore del formaggio, la consistenza e il contenuto di umidità. Le indagini ultrasoniche si svolgono utilizzando una metodologia relativamente innovativa, che impiega sia la modalità pulse-echo (PE) sia la modalità trasmissione-ricezione (TR). Durante lo studio vengono esaminati diversi parametri con particolare attenzione alla velocità ultrasonica, alla durezza e al contenuto di umidità del formaggio. I risultati ottenuti mostrano che la velocità ultrasonica e la durezza aumentano con il progredire dei giorni di maturazione, mentre l’umidità diminuisce. Gli esiti ottenuti risultano in linea con le aspettative, poiché il progredire della maturazione comporta una perdita d’acqua che determina una maggiore compattezza della matrice casearia, favorendo di conseguenza sia l’incremento della velocità di propagazione delle onde ultrasoniche sia l’aumento della resistenza meccanica del prodotto. La tecnica a ultrasuoni senza contatto si dimostra particolarmente efficace poiché permette di ottenere misurazioni rapide, riproducibili e accurate senza alterare il prodotto. Inoltre, la natura non invasiva e low-cost la rende adatta non solo alla ricerca, ma anche a un’applicazione industriale su larga scala. Per il futuro, i miglioramenti possibili riguardano l’ottimizzazione delle apparecchiature, al fine di ridurre ulteriormente il rumore di misura e aumentare la sensibilità, nonché l’integrazione di sistemi di acquisizione dati automatizzati e intelligenti, che consentano un monitoraggio in tempo reale durante tutto il processo di maturazione.
Non-contact ultrasound for the characterization of physicochemical properties and defects in cheese
MISITI, FRANCESCA
2024/2025
Abstract
One of the main objectives of the food industry is to guarantee high product quality to meet consumer demands. To this end, there are various industrial techniques for analysing food properties. This thesis focuses on the analysis of the physical-chemical properties and defects of cheese using non-contact ultrasound coupled with air. This is an innovative and modern technique that has grown significantly in recent years. It is reliable, low-cost, non-invasive and represents a leading solution in the field of food research. The main objective of the study is to monitor the evolution of cheese properties during the ripening process. Along with the ultrasound analysis, additional parameters such as cheese thickness, texture, and moisture content are also evaluated. The ultrasonic investigations are carried out using a relatively innovative methodology, which employs both pulse-echo (PE) and transmission-reception (TR) modes. During the study, various parameters are examined, with particular attention to the ultrasonic velocity, hardness and moisture content of the cheese. The results obtained show that ultrasonic velocity and hardness increase as the days of maturation progress, while moisture decreases. The results obtained are in line with expectations, as the progression of maturation leads to water loss, which results in greater compactness of the cheese matrix, thereby promoting both an increase in the propagation speed of ultrasonic waves and an increase in the mechanical strength of the product. The non-contact ultrasonic technique proves particularly effective as it allows rapid, reproducible and accurate measurements to be obtained without altering the product. Furthermore, its non-invasive and low-cost nature makes it suitable not only for research but also for large-scale industrial application. Possible future improvements include optimising the equipment to further reduce measurement noise and increase sensitivity, as well as integrating automated and intelligent data acquisition systems that enable real-time monitoring throughout the ripening process.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/99256