Echinococcus multilocularis is the etiological agent of alveolar echinococcosis, an emerging zoonosis of public health relevance in Europe. The parasite’s life cycle involves wild canids as definitive hosts, particularly the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), while small rodents, especially arvicolines, act as intermediate hosts. The dynamics of rodent populations play a key role in both the local spread of infection and the assessment of public health risk. The province of Bolzano represents the only area in Italy where E. multilocularis is endemic in foxes. This area therefore constitutes a key site for targeted investigations, particularly on the rodent species present. The aim of this study was to assess, through active and passive surveillance, which rodent species are found in the area and their potential epidemiological role in the parasite’s life cycle. Between 2024 and 2025, two trapping sessions were conducted across several sites within three areas of the province (Val Giovo - Racines, Val d’Ultimo, Val Passiria). Animals deemed suitable, in accordance with the guidelines of the IZSVe Ethics Committee, were euthanized. In parallel, between 2021 and 2025, small mammals found dead from natural causes were collected through a passive surveillance program. All specimens were transported to the laboratory for necropsy and for the collection of a liver sample, which was analysed by real-time PCR for the detection of E. multilocularis. In animals showing evident hepatic cystic lesions, an additional multiplex PCR targeting taeniids (Echinococcus spp. and Taenia spp.) was performed. In the three rodent trapping areas, fox faecal samples were also collected along transects to assess parasite circulation in the definitive host and compare it with the data obtained from rodents. Finally, analyses performed on faecal samples collected from fox carcasses between 2021 and 2025, as part of a surveillance programme covering the entire province of Bolzano, were included. This investigation provides the first quantitative data on the small mammal species occurring in the study area and confirms the circulation of E. multilocularis and other taeniids in the territory. Although no evidence of E. multilocularis infection was detected in rodents, fox faecal samples from Val Giovo - Racines showed a prevalence of 30.8%, indicating an active focus in the definitive host. In addition, the surveillance data collected over the years at the provincial level show an overall prevalence of 8.2% in foxes. The findings highlight the importance of integrating different sampling sources to more accurately describe the dynamics of the parasite life cycle. The results therefore support the adoption of an integrated, One Health–oriented surveillance approach combining monitoring of both definitive and intermediate hosts as a basis for a continuous surveillance programme in the territory.
Echinococcus multilocularis è l’agente eziologico dell’echinococcosi alveolare, una zoonosi emergente di rilevanza sanitaria in Europa. Il ciclo vitale del parassita coinvolge i canidi selvatici come ospiti definitivi, in particolare la volpe rossa (Vulpes vulpes), mentre i piccoli roditori, soprattutto arvicolidi, rappresentano gli ospiti intermedi. La dinamica delle popolazioni di roditori riveste un ruolo determinante sia nella diffusione locale dell’infezione che nella definizione del rischio per la salute pubblica. La provincia di Bolzano rappresenta per E. multilocularis l’unica area endemica in Italia per la volpe. Questo territorio rappresenta pertanto un contesto prioritario per indagini mirate, in particolare sulle specie di roditori presenti. Lo studio si pone l’obiettivo di chiarire, tramite attività di sorveglianza passiva e attiva, quali specie di roditori siano presenti e quale sia il loro ruolo epidemiologico nel ciclo del parassita. Nel periodo 2024-2025 sono state organizzate due sessioni per la cattura di roditori in diversi siti di tre aree della provincia di Bolzano (Val Giovo - Racines, Val d’Ultimo, Val Passiria). I soggetti ritenuti idonei, in conformità alle indicazioni del Comitato Etico dell’IZSVe, sono stati soppressi. In parallelo, tra il 2021 e il 2025 sono stati recuperati micromammiferi morti per cause naturali, tramite un programma di sorveglianza passiva. I campioni ottenuti sono stati trasportati al laboratorio per effettuare la necroscopia e il prelievo di una porzione di fegato, analizzata mediante real-time PCR per la ricerca di E. multilocularis. Nei soggetti che presentavano lesioni epatiche cistiche evidenti, è stata inoltre eseguita una multiplex PCR per l’identificazione di taeniidi (Echinococcus spp. e Taenia spp.). Nelle tre aree di cattura dei roditori sono stati inoltre raccolti campioni fecali di volpe tramite transetti per verificare la circolazione del parassita nell’ospite definitivo principale e confrontarla con i dati ottenuti dai roditori. Infine, sono state considerate le analisi effettuate su campioni di feci raccolti da carcasse di volpi tra il 2021 e il 2025, nell’ambito di un programma di sorveglianza dell’intera provincia di Bolzano. Questa indagine fornisce i primi dati quantitativi sulle specie di micromammiferi presenti nell’area di studio e conferma la circolazione di E. multilocularis e di altri taeniidi nel territorio. Sebbene la comunità di roditori esaminata non presenti evidenze di infezione da E. multilocularis, i campioni fecali di volpe raccolti a Val Giovo - Racines mostrano una prevalenza del 30,8%, indicando la presenza di un focolaio attivo nell’ospite definitivo. Inoltre, i dati di sorveglianza raccolti negli anni a livello provinciale mostrano una prevalenza totale dell’8,2% nelle volpi. Il quadro emerso mette in evidenza l’importanza di affiancare fonti di campionamento diverse per descrivere in modo più accurato la dinamica del ciclo. I risultati ottenuti supportano quindi l’adozione di una sorveglianza integrata, in ottica One Health, che combini il monitoraggio di ospiti definitivi e intermedi come base per un futuro programma di sorveglianza continuativa nel territorio.
Indagine epidemiologica sui piccoli roditori come ospiti intermedi di Echinococcus multilocularis in provincia di Bolzano
TURIONI, LEONARDO
2024/2025
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis is the etiological agent of alveolar echinococcosis, an emerging zoonosis of public health relevance in Europe. The parasite’s life cycle involves wild canids as definitive hosts, particularly the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), while small rodents, especially arvicolines, act as intermediate hosts. The dynamics of rodent populations play a key role in both the local spread of infection and the assessment of public health risk. The province of Bolzano represents the only area in Italy where E. multilocularis is endemic in foxes. This area therefore constitutes a key site for targeted investigations, particularly on the rodent species present. The aim of this study was to assess, through active and passive surveillance, which rodent species are found in the area and their potential epidemiological role in the parasite’s life cycle. Between 2024 and 2025, two trapping sessions were conducted across several sites within three areas of the province (Val Giovo - Racines, Val d’Ultimo, Val Passiria). Animals deemed suitable, in accordance with the guidelines of the IZSVe Ethics Committee, were euthanized. In parallel, between 2021 and 2025, small mammals found dead from natural causes were collected through a passive surveillance program. All specimens were transported to the laboratory for necropsy and for the collection of a liver sample, which was analysed by real-time PCR for the detection of E. multilocularis. In animals showing evident hepatic cystic lesions, an additional multiplex PCR targeting taeniids (Echinococcus spp. and Taenia spp.) was performed. In the three rodent trapping areas, fox faecal samples were also collected along transects to assess parasite circulation in the definitive host and compare it with the data obtained from rodents. Finally, analyses performed on faecal samples collected from fox carcasses between 2021 and 2025, as part of a surveillance programme covering the entire province of Bolzano, were included. This investigation provides the first quantitative data on the small mammal species occurring in the study area and confirms the circulation of E. multilocularis and other taeniids in the territory. Although no evidence of E. multilocularis infection was detected in rodents, fox faecal samples from Val Giovo - Racines showed a prevalence of 30.8%, indicating an active focus in the definitive host. In addition, the surveillance data collected over the years at the provincial level show an overall prevalence of 8.2% in foxes. The findings highlight the importance of integrating different sampling sources to more accurately describe the dynamics of the parasite life cycle. The results therefore support the adoption of an integrated, One Health–oriented surveillance approach combining monitoring of both definitive and intermediate hosts as a basis for a continuous surveillance programme in the territory.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/99313