ABSTRACT Introduction: The ageing of the population and the increase in chronic non-communicable diseases pose new challenges to health systems. Despite the spread of care by territorial networks, often people in the terminal phase have to access immediate care, through emergency services for specific needs or for the worsening of symptoms. The nurse who works in the emergency department plays a central role therefore, not only in the clinical management of the emergency but also in the early recognition of people at the end of their lives, to ensure dignified, person-centered care. Objective: Search for clinical and healthcare indicators that allow us to early identify people at the end of their lives who enter the emergency room. Materials and methods: the research was conducted on Pubmed using strings developed according to the PIO model, which allowed us to identify 173 articles, of which 8 were selected. Results: the literature review highlighted that the signs and symptoms indicating the end of life are gastrointestinal such as nausea and vomiting, neurocognitive such as depression, delusions, and respiratory such as dyspnea. The clinical signs with greater relevance include a value of the Palliative Scale ≤ 20%; RASS index ≤ 2; fluid dysphagia; mandibular respiration; death gasp. Evaluation tools were also identified: the Shock Index showed good predictive capacity of mortality at 60 days; the P-Cares, a simple, applicable and reliable tool for the early screening of patients with palliative needs in the emergency room. Discussion: The analysis of the results shows how, in the context of the Emergency Department, most people at the end of life access following worsening of symptoms or inadequate management of them. Early recognition of such signs and symptoms is a crucial element in avoiding unnecessary treatment, improving the quality of care, and orienting the patient early towards more appropriate pathways of care. Objective clinical signs, when integrated with the use of predictive tools such as the Shock Index and the P-CARES, can be a valid support for the Emergency Department team in early identification in the person in the terminal phase. Conclusion: The timely recognition of the signs and symptoms of people at the end of life who access the Emergency Department is a fundamental aspect of nursing care. Such awareness makes it possible not only to ensure decent care centered on the person's needs, but also to avoid unnecessary treatment and promote orientation towards appropriate palliative care pathways, ensuring continuity of care and improving the quality of life until the end.
ABSTRACT Introduzione: L’invecchiamento della popolazione e l’aumento delle malattie croniche non trasmissibili pongono nuove sfide ai sistemi sanitari. Nonostante la diffusione della presa in cura da parte delle reti territoriali, spesso le persone in fase terminale devono accedere a cure immediate, attraverso i servizi di pronto soccorso per bisogni specifici o per l’aggravarsi della sintomatologia. L’infermiere che opera in pronto soccorso riveste un ruolo centrale quindi, non solo nella gestione clinica dell’urgenza ma anche nel riconoscimento precoce delle persone in fase di fine vita, per garantire un’assistenza dignitosa, centrata sulla persona. Obiettivo: Ricercare gli indicatori clinici e assistenziali che permettono di individuare precocemente le persone in fine vita che accedono in Pronto Soccorso. Materiali e metodi: la ricerca è stata condotta su Pubmed tramite stringhe sviluppate secondo il modello PIO, che ha permesso di individuare 173 articoli, di cui ne sono stati selezionati 8. Risultati: la revisione della letteratura, ha evidenziato che i segni e sintomi indicatori del fine vita sono gastrointestinali come nausea e vomito, neuro cognitivi come depressione, deliri, e respiratori come la dispnea. I segni clinici con maggiore rilevanza includono un valore della scala Palliative Scale ≤ 20%; indice RASS ≤ 2; disfagia ai liquidi; respirazione mandibolare; rantolo della morte. Sono stati inoltre identificati strumenti di valutazione: lo Shock Index, ha mostrato una buona capacità predittiva della mortalità a 60 giorni; il P-Cares, uno strumento semplice, applicabile e affidabile per lo screening precoce degli assistiti con bisogni palliativi in pronto soccorso. Discussione: Dall’analisi dei risultati emerge come, nel contesto del Pronto Soccorso, la maggior parte delle persone in fase di fine vita acceda a seguito di un peggioramento dei sintomi o di una loro gestione inadeguata. Il riconoscimento tempestivo di tali segni e sintomi rappresenta un elemento cruciale per evitare trattamenti non necessari, migliorare la qualità dell’assistenza e orientare precocemente il paziente verso percorsi più appropriati di cura. I segni clinici oggettivi, se integrati con l’utilizzo di strumenti predittivi come lo Shock Index e il P-CARES, possono costituire un valido supporto per l’équipe del Pronto Soccorso nell’identificazione precoce nella persona in fase terminale. Conclusione: il riconoscimento tempestivo dei segni e dei sintomi delle persone in fase di fine vita che accedono al Pronto Soccorso è un aspetto fondamentale dell’assistenza infermieristica. Tale consapevolezza consente non solo di garantire un’assistenza dignitosa e centrata sui bisogni della persona, ma anche di evitare trattamenti non necessari e favorire l’orientamento verso percorsi di cure palliative appropriati, assicurando la continuità assistenziale e migliorando la qualità di vita fino alla fine. Key words: palliative care, end of life, emergency department, screening tools, prognostication, symptoms managment.
Identificazione precoce della persona in fine vita in Pronto Soccorso: Revisione della Letteratura
CANOVA, GIULIA
2024/2025
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: The ageing of the population and the increase in chronic non-communicable diseases pose new challenges to health systems. Despite the spread of care by territorial networks, often people in the terminal phase have to access immediate care, through emergency services for specific needs or for the worsening of symptoms. The nurse who works in the emergency department plays a central role therefore, not only in the clinical management of the emergency but also in the early recognition of people at the end of their lives, to ensure dignified, person-centered care. Objective: Search for clinical and healthcare indicators that allow us to early identify people at the end of their lives who enter the emergency room. Materials and methods: the research was conducted on Pubmed using strings developed according to the PIO model, which allowed us to identify 173 articles, of which 8 were selected. Results: the literature review highlighted that the signs and symptoms indicating the end of life are gastrointestinal such as nausea and vomiting, neurocognitive such as depression, delusions, and respiratory such as dyspnea. The clinical signs with greater relevance include a value of the Palliative Scale ≤ 20%; RASS index ≤ 2; fluid dysphagia; mandibular respiration; death gasp. Evaluation tools were also identified: the Shock Index showed good predictive capacity of mortality at 60 days; the P-Cares, a simple, applicable and reliable tool for the early screening of patients with palliative needs in the emergency room. Discussion: The analysis of the results shows how, in the context of the Emergency Department, most people at the end of life access following worsening of symptoms or inadequate management of them. Early recognition of such signs and symptoms is a crucial element in avoiding unnecessary treatment, improving the quality of care, and orienting the patient early towards more appropriate pathways of care. Objective clinical signs, when integrated with the use of predictive tools such as the Shock Index and the P-CARES, can be a valid support for the Emergency Department team in early identification in the person in the terminal phase. Conclusion: The timely recognition of the signs and symptoms of people at the end of life who access the Emergency Department is a fundamental aspect of nursing care. Such awareness makes it possible not only to ensure decent care centered on the person's needs, but also to avoid unnecessary treatment and promote orientation towards appropriate palliative care pathways, ensuring continuity of care and improving the quality of life until the end.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/99352