Abstract Introduction In this research is analyzed the increase of accesses of psychiatric patients in Emergency Department and the impact of diagnostic overshadowing, namely the tendency to underestimate physical symptoms erroneously attributing them to previous mental pathologies. This phenomenon, linked to subjective tendencies, stigma and communicative difficulties, leads to diagnostic delays, inadequate treatments and worsening of clinical outcomes. The text highlights the necessity of multimodal strategies and the adoption of protocols and objective assessment tools, with particular attention to the role of the nurse and the spread of specific guidelines to prevent such errors (Shefer et al., 2014; Clarke et al., 2007; Geiss et al., 2018). Materials and methods The review of the literature was conducted consulting three international databases: PubMed, CINAHL and Scopus. The search strategies foresaw the use of strings composed of keywords and boolean operators, adapted to the different databases. Were included articles available in full text, regarding quantitative or qualitative studies and pertinent to the topic of diagnostic overshadowing in psychiatric patients in emergency context. Were excluded reviews, not pertinent contributions, editorials, abstracts not accessible integrally and duplicates. The main objective was to evaluate the impact of this cognitive inclination on diagnosis and clinical management, considering the role of the nurse and the effectiveness of protocols and multidisciplinary strategies. The selection of studies led to the analysis of 12 articles. Results The analysis of the 12 selected studies highlights how diagnostic overshadowing, in psychiatric patients in Emergency Department, frequently results in diagnostic delays, inadequate treatments and greater risk of complications. The results show that factors such as communicative difficulty, stigma, time pressure and poor integration among different teams favor the diagnostic error, while objective tools like physiological monitoring systems and multidisciplinary protocols prove effective in reducing the phenomenon. Operational strategies emerged that integrate awareness programs to judgment distortions, multiprofessional collaboration and the use of shared checklists, but methodological limits persist in the studies and the necessity of further research on long-term outcomes (Shefer et al., 2014; Geiss et al., 2018; van Nieuwenhuizen et al., 2012). Conclusion The study confirms that diagnostic overshadowing represents a critical issue for safety and equity of care. The most effective strategies turn out to be those which integrate standardized protocols, training on evaluative neutrality, multidisciplinary work and active involvement of patients. It is fundamental to implement and update guidelines and checklists to guarantee an objective and personalized assessment. The Italian experience needs more standardization and integration between emergency and psychiatry, following models already present in other countries. Future studies will have to evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies and their application in the long term (Geiss et al., 2018; Shefer et al., 2014; Pastor et al., 2023).
Abstract Introduzione In questa ricerca viene analizzato l’aumento degli accessi di pazienti psichiatrici in Pronto Soccorso e l’impatto del diagnostic overshadowing, ovvero la tendenza a sottovalutare sintomi fisici attribuendoli erroneamente a patologie mentali pregresse. Questo fenomeno, legato a tendenze soggettive, stigma e difficoltà comunicative, comporta ritardi diagnostici, trattamenti inadeguati e peggioramento degli esiti clinici. Il testo evidenzia la necessità di strategie multimodali e l’adozione di protocolli e strumenti di valutazione oggettivi, con particolare attenzione al ruolo dell’infermiere ed alla diffusione di linee guida specifiche per prevenire tali errori (Shefer et al., 2014; Clarke et al., 2007; Geiss et al., 2018). Materiali e metodi La revisione della letteratura è stata condotta consultando tre banche dati internazionali: PubMed, CINAHL e Scopus. Le strategie di ricerca hanno previsto l’uso di stringhe composte da parole chiave ed operatori booleani, adattate ai diversi database. Sono stati inclusi articoli disponibili in full text, riguardanti studi quantitativi o qualitativi e pertinenti al tema del diagnostic overshadowing nei pazienti psichiatrici in ambito emergenziale. Sono stati esclusi revisioni, contributi non pertinenti, editoriali, abstract non accessibili integralmente e duplicati. L’obiettivo principale è stato valutare l’impatto di questa inclinazione cognitiva sulla diagnosi e la gestione clinica, considerando il ruolo dell’infermiere e l’efficacia di protocolli e strategie multidisciplinari. La selezione degli studi ha portato all’analisi di 12 articoli. Risultati L’analisi dei 12 studi selezionati evidenzia come il diagnostic overshadowing, nei pazienti psichiatrici in Pronto Soccorso, si traduce frequentemente in ritardi diagnostici, trattamenti inadeguati e maggiore rischio di complicanze. I risultati mostrano che fattori come la difficoltà comunicativa, lo stigma, la pressione del tempo e la scarsa integrazione tra le diverse équipe favoriscono l’errore diagnostico, mentre strumenti oggettivi come sistemi di monitoraggio fisiologici e protocolli multidisciplinari risultano efficaci nel ridurre il fenomeno. Sono emerse strategie operative che integrano percorsi di sensibilizzazione alle distorsioni di giudizio, collaborazione multiprofessionale ed utilizzo di checklist condivise, ma persistono limiti metodologici negli studi e la necessità di ulteriori ricerche sugli esiti a lungo termine (Shefer et al., 2014; Geiss et al., 2018; van Nieuwenhuizen et al., 2012). Conclusione Lo studio conferma che il diagnostic overshadowing rappresenta una criticità per la sicurezza e l’equità dell’assistenza. Le strategie più efficaci risultano essere quelle che integrano protocolli standardizzati, formazione sulla neutralità valutativa, lavoro multidisciplinare e coinvolgimento attivo dei pazienti. È fondamentale implementare ed aggiornare linee guida e checklist per garantire una valutazione oggettiva e personalizzata. L’esperienza italiana necessita di maggior standardizzazione ed integrazione tra urgenza e psichiatria, seguendo modelli già presenti in altri paesi. Futuri studi dovranno valutare l’efficacia di queste strategie e la loro applicazione nel lungo termine (Geiss et al., 2018; Shefer et al., 2014; Pastor et al., 2023).
Il peso delle etichette: il diagnostic overshadowing nei pazienti psichiatrici con patologie acute in pronto soccorso. Una revisione di letteratura.
ULLIANA, NICOLE
2024/2025
Abstract
Abstract Introduction In this research is analyzed the increase of accesses of psychiatric patients in Emergency Department and the impact of diagnostic overshadowing, namely the tendency to underestimate physical symptoms erroneously attributing them to previous mental pathologies. This phenomenon, linked to subjective tendencies, stigma and communicative difficulties, leads to diagnostic delays, inadequate treatments and worsening of clinical outcomes. The text highlights the necessity of multimodal strategies and the adoption of protocols and objective assessment tools, with particular attention to the role of the nurse and the spread of specific guidelines to prevent such errors (Shefer et al., 2014; Clarke et al., 2007; Geiss et al., 2018). Materials and methods The review of the literature was conducted consulting three international databases: PubMed, CINAHL and Scopus. The search strategies foresaw the use of strings composed of keywords and boolean operators, adapted to the different databases. Were included articles available in full text, regarding quantitative or qualitative studies and pertinent to the topic of diagnostic overshadowing in psychiatric patients in emergency context. Were excluded reviews, not pertinent contributions, editorials, abstracts not accessible integrally and duplicates. The main objective was to evaluate the impact of this cognitive inclination on diagnosis and clinical management, considering the role of the nurse and the effectiveness of protocols and multidisciplinary strategies. The selection of studies led to the analysis of 12 articles. Results The analysis of the 12 selected studies highlights how diagnostic overshadowing, in psychiatric patients in Emergency Department, frequently results in diagnostic delays, inadequate treatments and greater risk of complications. The results show that factors such as communicative difficulty, stigma, time pressure and poor integration among different teams favor the diagnostic error, while objective tools like physiological monitoring systems and multidisciplinary protocols prove effective in reducing the phenomenon. Operational strategies emerged that integrate awareness programs to judgment distortions, multiprofessional collaboration and the use of shared checklists, but methodological limits persist in the studies and the necessity of further research on long-term outcomes (Shefer et al., 2014; Geiss et al., 2018; van Nieuwenhuizen et al., 2012). Conclusion The study confirms that diagnostic overshadowing represents a critical issue for safety and equity of care. The most effective strategies turn out to be those which integrate standardized protocols, training on evaluative neutrality, multidisciplinary work and active involvement of patients. It is fundamental to implement and update guidelines and checklists to guarantee an objective and personalized assessment. The Italian experience needs more standardization and integration between emergency and psychiatry, following models already present in other countries. Future studies will have to evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies and their application in the long term (Geiss et al., 2018; Shefer et al., 2014; Pastor et al., 2023).| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/99360