In October 2018, the Vaia Storm caused the loss of thousands of hectares of forest in the Triveneto region (Italy) in just a few hours. One of the hardest-hit areas was the Sette Comuni plateau in the province of Vicenza, with over 2,300 hectares of spruce trees affected by wind-induced damage. Following the destructive effects of this exceptionally severe disaster, specific reforestation and forest regeneration projects were launched in numerous areas of the Veneto region, with the planting of spruce trees and other typical tree species. The reforestation activity also involved the Marcesina plain, in the municipality of Enego, where seedlings of various forest species were planted, including spruce, beech, larch and service tree from the forest nurseries of the Veneto Region. However, some years after planting, several plants showed decline and root rot symptoms caused by Phytophthora spp. These phytopathogenic microorganisms can survive in soil and plant debris for long periods, spreading through water movement and/or contaminated materials (e.g., soil particles carried by wild animals). Several scientific studies have demonstrated the primary role played by asymptomatic but infected nursery material in the accidental introduction of Phytophthora species into natural environments. Therefore, given the alarming spread of mortality events in reforestation areas and the absence of specific studies on the Phytophthora species involved, it is important, from both a scientific and applied perspective, to deepen our scientific knowledge of these emerging pathosystems, and in particular on the presence, spatial distribution and establishment of the main species introduced through nursery material. To this end, a field survey was conducted in three reforestation sites in the Marcesina plain. Transects were set up in each site to estimate the disease incidence on the different forest species and the degree of mortality. A total of 30 samples (soil and fine roots) were taken from 1-3-year-old seedlings. In particular, the samples came from 26 symptomatic (nursery material) and 4 asymptomatic (natural vegetation) plants, belonging to 6 different plant species. On the basis of the morphological characteristics and sequence data of the ITS region of the rDNA, five Phytophthora species, namely P. plurivora (19 isolates), P. pseudosyringae (3), P. acerina (1), P. gonapodyides (1) and P. palmivora (1) were identified. The results of this study have allowed us to expand our knowledge on the diffusion, diversity and pathway of Phytophthora species in natural areas through nursery material. Of particular concern is the widespread distribution of P. plurivora and P. pseudosyringae, two polyphagous and highly virulent species. The introduction of invasive pathogens belonging to the Phytophthora genus into low-risk areas, such as the Alps, poses a serious threat to forests but also a warning for future reforestation efforts.
La tempesta Vaia dell’ottobre 2018, ha causato in poche ore la perdita di decine di migliaia di ettari di superfici forestali del Triveneto. Una delle zone più colpite è stato l’altopiano dei Sette Comuni, in provincia di Vicenza, con oltre 2.300 ettari di superficie, principalmente ad abete rosso interessata dagli schianti causati dal vento. A seguito dell’azione distruttiva di questo evento calamitoso di portata eccezionale, in numerose aree del Veneto sono stati avviati specifici progetti di riforestazione e rigenerazione forestale con la piantumazione di migliaia di piante di abete rosso e altre specie vegetali tipiche del territorio. L’attività di rimboschimento ha coinvolto anche la piana della Marcesina, nel comune di Enego, dove sono state messe a dimora piantine di varie specie forestali, tra cui abete rosso, faggio, larice e sorbo provenienti dai vivai forestali della Regione Veneto. Tuttavia, a distanza di qualche anno dalla messa a dimora, numerose piante vegetano in modo stentato e/o sono morte a causa di marciumi radicali riconducibili ad attacchi da Phytophthora spp. Questi microrganismi fitopatogeni possono sopravvivere nel terreno e nei detriti vegetali per lunghi periodi, diffondendosi attraverso il movimento dell’acqua e/o materiali contaminati (es. particelle di suolo veicolate dagli animali selvatici). Vari studi scientifici hanno dimostrato il ruolo primario svolto dal materiale vivaistico asintomatico ma infetto nell’introduzione accidentale di nuove specie di Phytophthora negli ambianti naturali. Pertanto, vista l’allarmante diffusione di fenomeni di deperimento e moria di semenzali nelle aree oggetto di riforestazione e l’assenza di studi specifici sulle specie di Phytophthora coinvolte, assume rilevanza sotto il profilo sia scientifico sia applicativo approfondire le conoscenze scientifiche su questi patosistemi emergenti ed in particolare sulla presenza, diffusione spaziale ed affermazione delle principali specie introdotte attraverso il materiale vivaistico. A tal fine è stato condotto un monitoraggio in tre siti oggetto di rimboschimento nella piana di Marcesina. In ciascun sito sono stati allestiti transetti per la stima dell’incidenza della malattia sulle diverse specie forestali e sul grado di mortalità. Complessivamente sono stati prelevati 30 campioni (suolo e colletto) da piantine di 1-3 anni di età. In particolare, i campioni provenivano da 26 piante sintomatiche e 4 asintomatiche, appartenenti a 6 specie vegetali. Sulla base delle caratteristiche morfologiche e dei dati di sequenza della regione ITS dell’rDNA sono state identificate cinque specie di Phytophthora: P. plurivora (19 isolati), P. pseudosyringae (3), P. acerina (1), P. gonapodyides (1) e P. palmivora (1). I risultati di questo studio hanno permesso di ampliare le conoscenze sulla diffusione, la diversità e le vie di introduzione delle specie di Phytophthora nelle aree naturali attraverso il materiale vivaistico. Desta particolare preoccupazione l’ampia diffusione di P. plurivora e P. pseudosyringae due specie polifaghe ed altamente virulente. L’introduzione di patogeni invasivi appartenenti al genere Phytophthora in aree considerate a basso rischio, come quelle alpine, rappresenta una seria minaccia per le formazioni forestali ma anche un monito per i futuri interventi di rimboschimento.
Impatto e diversità di Phytophthora spp. nei rimboschimenti forestali post-Vaia della Piana di Marcesina (Vicenza)
TOMASI, SARA
2024/2025
Abstract
In October 2018, the Vaia Storm caused the loss of thousands of hectares of forest in the Triveneto region (Italy) in just a few hours. One of the hardest-hit areas was the Sette Comuni plateau in the province of Vicenza, with over 2,300 hectares of spruce trees affected by wind-induced damage. Following the destructive effects of this exceptionally severe disaster, specific reforestation and forest regeneration projects were launched in numerous areas of the Veneto region, with the planting of spruce trees and other typical tree species. The reforestation activity also involved the Marcesina plain, in the municipality of Enego, where seedlings of various forest species were planted, including spruce, beech, larch and service tree from the forest nurseries of the Veneto Region. However, some years after planting, several plants showed decline and root rot symptoms caused by Phytophthora spp. These phytopathogenic microorganisms can survive in soil and plant debris for long periods, spreading through water movement and/or contaminated materials (e.g., soil particles carried by wild animals). Several scientific studies have demonstrated the primary role played by asymptomatic but infected nursery material in the accidental introduction of Phytophthora species into natural environments. Therefore, given the alarming spread of mortality events in reforestation areas and the absence of specific studies on the Phytophthora species involved, it is important, from both a scientific and applied perspective, to deepen our scientific knowledge of these emerging pathosystems, and in particular on the presence, spatial distribution and establishment of the main species introduced through nursery material. To this end, a field survey was conducted in three reforestation sites in the Marcesina plain. Transects were set up in each site to estimate the disease incidence on the different forest species and the degree of mortality. A total of 30 samples (soil and fine roots) were taken from 1-3-year-old seedlings. In particular, the samples came from 26 symptomatic (nursery material) and 4 asymptomatic (natural vegetation) plants, belonging to 6 different plant species. On the basis of the morphological characteristics and sequence data of the ITS region of the rDNA, five Phytophthora species, namely P. plurivora (19 isolates), P. pseudosyringae (3), P. acerina (1), P. gonapodyides (1) and P. palmivora (1) were identified. The results of this study have allowed us to expand our knowledge on the diffusion, diversity and pathway of Phytophthora species in natural areas through nursery material. Of particular concern is the widespread distribution of P. plurivora and P. pseudosyringae, two polyphagous and highly virulent species. The introduction of invasive pathogens belonging to the Phytophthora genus into low-risk areas, such as the Alps, poses a serious threat to forests but also a warning for future reforestation efforts.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/99509