Introduction: Pediatric dental stress is a common barrier to effective treatment, often resulting in behavioral management challenges and long-term avoidance of dental care. Wearable technology, such as smartwatches capable of measuring heart rate variability (HRV), may offer real-time, non-invasive tools to assess stress in clinical settings. This study aimed to evaluate physiological stress responses in children undergoing different dental procedures by analyzing HRV across treatment phases. Materials and Methods: Eighty children aged 5–10 years were randomly assigned to four treatment groups: dental hygiene, dental restorations with anesthesia, restorations without anesthesia, and sealant application. Stress levels were measured using Garmin smartwatches that analyze HRV and convert the data into a stress score from 0 to 100. Stress was recorded at three time points—beginning, during, and end of the procedure—for a total of nine measurements per patient. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to evaluate the effects of treatment type and phase, along with post hoc tests and linear regression to assess age-related stress variation. Results: While the type of treatment alone did not significantly influence stress levels, stress varied significantly across treatment phases (p = 0.0249), with a strong interaction between treatment and phase (p = 0.0004). Post hoc analyses revealed that dental hygiene led to a significant reduction in stress over time (p < 0.05), whereas restorations with anesthesia caused a significant increase in stress during the procedure (p = 0.0011). No significant changes were observed for restorations without anesthesia and sealant application. Age was inversely correlated with stress (p = 0.0003), although it explained only a small proportion of variance (R² = 0.0527). Conclusions: The study confirms that pediatric dental stress is influenced by both the procedure type and the treatment phase. Smartwatches represent a practical tool for monitoring stress in real time. These findings highlight the importance of tailoring behavior management strategies to the procedure and the patient’s age, promoting individualized and stress-reducing approaches in pediatric dental care.
Introduzione Lo stress nei pazienti pediatrici rappresenta una delle principali barriere alla riuscita del trattamento odontoiatrico, con conseguenti difficoltà nella gestione comportamentale e un potenziale evitamento delle cure nel lungo periodo. Le tecnologie indossabili, come gli smartwatch in grado di misurare la variabilità della frequenza cardiaca (HRV), offrono strumenti non invasivi e in tempo reale per la valutazione dello stress in ambito clinico. Questo studio si propone di analizzare le risposte fisiologiche di stress nei bambini sottoposti a differenti procedure odontoiatriche attraverso l’analisi dell’HRV nelle diverse fasi del trattamento. Materiali e Metodi Ottanta bambini di età compresa tra 5 e 10 anni sono stati randomizzati in quattro gruppi di trattamento: igiene orale, restauri con anestesia, restauri senza anestesia e applicazione di sigillante. I livelli di stress sono stati misurati mediante smartwatch Garmin, che analizzano l’HRV convertendolo in un punteggio di stress compreso tra 0 e 100. Le rilevazioni sono state effettuate in tre momenti — inizio, durante e fine della procedura — per un totale di nove misurazioni per ciascun paziente. I dati sono stati analizzati con ANOVA a misure ripetute a due vie per valutare gli effetti del tipo di trattamento e della fase, seguiti da test post hoc. È stata inoltre eseguita una regressione lineare per esaminare la variazione dello stress in relazione all’età. Risultati Il tipo di trattamento, considerato singolarmente, non ha influenzato in modo significativo i livelli di stress; tuttavia, lo stress è risultato variabile tra le diverse fasi della procedura (p = 0,0249), con una significativa interazione tra trattamento e fase (p = 0,0004). Le analisi post hoc hanno evidenziato che l’igiene orale determinava una riduzione significativa dello stress nel tempo (p < 0,05), mentre i restauri con anestesia erano associati a un incremento significativo dello stress durante la procedura (p = 0,0011). Non sono state rilevate variazioni significative nei restauri senza anestesia né nell’applicazione del sigillante. L’età è risultata inversamente correlata con i livelli di stress (p = 0,0003), sebbene spiegasse solo una piccola quota della varianza (R² = 0,0527). Conclusioni Lo studio conferma che lo stress odontoiatrico in età pediatrica è influenzato sia dal tipo di procedura sia dalla fase del trattamento. Gli smartwatch si dimostrano strumenti pratici e non invasivi per il monitoraggio in tempo reale dello stress. I risultati sottolineano l’importanza di personalizzare le strategie di gestione comportamentale in base al tipo di intervento e all’età del paziente, promuovendo approcci individualizzati e finalizzati alla riduzione dello stress in odontoiatria pediatrica.
Valutazione dello stress in pazienti pediatrici durante procedure odontoiatriche
GONÇALVES DE FREITAS, JULIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Introduction: Pediatric dental stress is a common barrier to effective treatment, often resulting in behavioral management challenges and long-term avoidance of dental care. Wearable technology, such as smartwatches capable of measuring heart rate variability (HRV), may offer real-time, non-invasive tools to assess stress in clinical settings. This study aimed to evaluate physiological stress responses in children undergoing different dental procedures by analyzing HRV across treatment phases. Materials and Methods: Eighty children aged 5–10 years were randomly assigned to four treatment groups: dental hygiene, dental restorations with anesthesia, restorations without anesthesia, and sealant application. Stress levels were measured using Garmin smartwatches that analyze HRV and convert the data into a stress score from 0 to 100. Stress was recorded at three time points—beginning, during, and end of the procedure—for a total of nine measurements per patient. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to evaluate the effects of treatment type and phase, along with post hoc tests and linear regression to assess age-related stress variation. Results: While the type of treatment alone did not significantly influence stress levels, stress varied significantly across treatment phases (p = 0.0249), with a strong interaction between treatment and phase (p = 0.0004). Post hoc analyses revealed that dental hygiene led to a significant reduction in stress over time (p < 0.05), whereas restorations with anesthesia caused a significant increase in stress during the procedure (p = 0.0011). No significant changes were observed for restorations without anesthesia and sealant application. Age was inversely correlated with stress (p = 0.0003), although it explained only a small proportion of variance (R² = 0.0527). Conclusions: The study confirms that pediatric dental stress is influenced by both the procedure type and the treatment phase. Smartwatches represent a practical tool for monitoring stress in real time. These findings highlight the importance of tailoring behavior management strategies to the procedure and the patient’s age, promoting individualized and stress-reducing approaches in pediatric dental care.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/99564