INTRODUCTION: Dementia is a chronic and progressive condition and one of the leading causes of disability and loss of independence among older adults. Pain management plays a central yet complex role, as individuals affected by dementia—particularly in the advanced stages—gradually lose the ability to verbally communicate their discomfort. This limitation makes pain assessment especially challenging for healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, who play a crucial role in the daily observation of the patient and in identifying non-verbal signs of distress. Accurate pain assessment is essential to ensure effective care interventions, prevent undertreatment, and promote the person’s quality of life and dignity. OBJECTIVE: The aim is to identify, according to recent literature, the most effective tools for assessing pain in patients with advanced dementia, specifically those deemed suitable and useful for evaluating pain in this population. METHODS: A literature review was conducted by consulting scientific databases including PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus, limiting the search to the past five years (2020–2025). Articles available in full text, in Italian or English, addressing pain assessment in individuals with advanced dementia—including those with impaired verbal communication—and conducted in different care settings such as geriatric hospital wards, nursing homes (RSA), hospitals, and long-term care facilities were included. Studies that did not involve the target population, were not focused on pain assessment tools, or concerned neurological conditions unrelated to dementia were excluded. RESULTS: The review included 19 studies published between 2020 and 2025 and carried out in various healthcare settings. The analyzed studies agree on the effectiveness of observational tools as the preferred method for identifying pain in non-communicative patients, although no scale is universally recognized as a gold standard. Among the most commonly used tools, the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale emerges as the most widely adopted instrument in clinical practice due to its ease of use, rapid administration, and good psychometric reliability. However, the literature reports differences in its applicability depending on the degree of cognitive impairment and the care context. Overall, findings highlight the need for a multidimensional approach to pain assessment that combines behavioral observation with individual knowledge of the patient and the nurse’s clinical judgment, ensuring timely recognition and adequate treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The review confirms that pain assessment in patients with advanced dementia requires a holistic and multidimensional approach. Although PAINAD is currently the most widely used and validated tool, no scale is fully suitable for all settings. Limitations persist with respect to poor standardization, variability in application methods, and organizational barriers that hinder systematic use. Strengthening nursing education and developing shared protocols are therefore essential to make pain assessment a continuous and structured process. The integration of innovative technological tools may further enhance the accuracy of pain detection and support more timely and personalized care.
INTRODUZIONE: La demenza è una patologia cronica e progressiva che rappresenta una delle principali cause di disabilità e perdita di autonomia nella popolazione anziana. La gestione del dolore riveste un ruolo centrale ma complesso, poiché le persone affette da demenza, soprattutto nelle fasi avanzate, perdono la capacità di comunicare verbalmente il proprio stato di sofferenza; questa limitazione rende la valutazione del dolore una sfida per gli operatori sanitari, in particolare per il personale infermieristico, che svolge un ruolo fondamentale nell’osservazione quotidiana del paziente e nell’identificazione dei segnali non verbali di disagio. La valutazione del dolore rappresenta un presupposto essenziale per garantire interventi assistenziali efficaci, prevenire un trattamento inadeguato, promuovere la qualità di vita e la dignità della persona. OBIETTIVO: L’obiettivo è individuare, secondo la letteratura recente, gli strumenti più efficaci per la valutazione del dolore nei pazienti con demenza avanzata, ovvero quelli identificati idonei ed utili a valutare il dolore in questa popolazione. METODI: È stata condotta una revisione della letteratura mediante la consultazione di database scientifici, tra cui PubMed, Cinahl, Scopus, limitando la ricerca agli ultimi cinque anni (2020–2025). Sono stati inclusi articoli disponibili in full text, in lingua italiana ed inglese, che trattano la valutazione del dolore in pazienti con demenza avanzata, anche in presenza di compromissione della comunicazione verbale, realizzati nei diversi setting assistenziali come reparti ospedalieri di geriatria, residenze sanitarie assistenziali (RSA), ospedali e strutture di degenza long-term. Sono stati esclusi studi che non includevano la popolazione target, non focalizzati su strumenti di valutazione del dolore o con patologie neurologiche non correlate alla demenza. RISULTATI: La revisione della letteratura ha incluso 19 studi pubblicati tra il 2020 e il 2025, condotti in diversi setting assistenziali. Gli studi analizzati concordano nel riconoscere l’efficacia degli strumenti visual come metodo privilegiato per identificare il dolore nei pazienti non comunicanti, sebbene nessuna scala risulti universalmente riconosciuta come gold standard Tra le misure più utilizzate, la “Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia” (PAINAD) si conferma lo strumento di riferimento più diffuso nella pratica clinica per la sua semplicità d’uso, rapidità di somministrazione e buona affidabilità psicometrica. Tuttavia, la letteratura evidenzia differenze nella sua applicabilità in base al livello di deterioramento cognitivo e al contesto assistenziale. Nel complesso, le evidenze confermano la necessità di un approccio multidimensionale alla valutazione del dolore, che integri l’osservazione dei comportamenti con la conoscenza individuale del paziente e il giudizio clinico dell’infermiere, per garantire un riconoscimento tempestivo e un trattamento adeguato. CONCLUSIONI: La revisione conferma che la valutazione del dolore nei pazienti con demenza avanzata richiede un approccio olistico e multidimensionale. Sebbene la PAINAD sia lo strumento più utilizzato e validato, nessuna scala risulta completamente adeguata a tutti i setting. Persistono limiti legati alla scarsa standardizzazione, alla variabilità applicativa e a difficoltà organizzative che ne ostacolano l’uso sistematico. È quindi essenziale potenziare la formazione infermieristica e definire protocolli condivisi che rendano la valutazione un processo continuo e strutturato. L’adozione di tecnologie innovative può inoltre migliorare l’accuratezza della rilevazione e favorire una presa in carico più tempestiva e personalizzata.
La valutazione del dolore nel paziente anziano con demenza avanzata: revisione di letteratura
PAGGIARO, GIULIA
2024/2025
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Dementia is a chronic and progressive condition and one of the leading causes of disability and loss of independence among older adults. Pain management plays a central yet complex role, as individuals affected by dementia—particularly in the advanced stages—gradually lose the ability to verbally communicate their discomfort. This limitation makes pain assessment especially challenging for healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, who play a crucial role in the daily observation of the patient and in identifying non-verbal signs of distress. Accurate pain assessment is essential to ensure effective care interventions, prevent undertreatment, and promote the person’s quality of life and dignity. OBJECTIVE: The aim is to identify, according to recent literature, the most effective tools for assessing pain in patients with advanced dementia, specifically those deemed suitable and useful for evaluating pain in this population. METHODS: A literature review was conducted by consulting scientific databases including PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus, limiting the search to the past five years (2020–2025). Articles available in full text, in Italian or English, addressing pain assessment in individuals with advanced dementia—including those with impaired verbal communication—and conducted in different care settings such as geriatric hospital wards, nursing homes (RSA), hospitals, and long-term care facilities were included. Studies that did not involve the target population, were not focused on pain assessment tools, or concerned neurological conditions unrelated to dementia were excluded. RESULTS: The review included 19 studies published between 2020 and 2025 and carried out in various healthcare settings. The analyzed studies agree on the effectiveness of observational tools as the preferred method for identifying pain in non-communicative patients, although no scale is universally recognized as a gold standard. Among the most commonly used tools, the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale emerges as the most widely adopted instrument in clinical practice due to its ease of use, rapid administration, and good psychometric reliability. However, the literature reports differences in its applicability depending on the degree of cognitive impairment and the care context. Overall, findings highlight the need for a multidimensional approach to pain assessment that combines behavioral observation with individual knowledge of the patient and the nurse’s clinical judgment, ensuring timely recognition and adequate treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The review confirms that pain assessment in patients with advanced dementia requires a holistic and multidimensional approach. Although PAINAD is currently the most widely used and validated tool, no scale is fully suitable for all settings. Limitations persist with respect to poor standardization, variability in application methods, and organizational barriers that hinder systematic use. Strengthening nursing education and developing shared protocols are therefore essential to make pain assessment a continuous and structured process. The integration of innovative technological tools may further enhance the accuracy of pain detection and support more timely and personalized care.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/99806