Introduction. Reading comprehension is a complex, multi-component process involving linguistic, metacognitive and executive functions. The latest scientific evidence highlights the crucial role of executive functioning in building a deep and coherent understanding of text, attributing a decisive contribution to its visuospatial components. In clinical practice, however, interventions still tend to focus mainly on linguistic and metacognitive aspects, neglecting the cognitive and executive components closely related to text comprehension. Objective. This thesis aims to investigate the effectiveness of an integrated speech therapy intervention aimed at enhancing reading comprehension through the joint stimulation of linguistic, metacognitive and visuospatial executive skills. Participants. The exploratory study involved a sample of five children attending primary and lower secondary school with difficulties in reading comprehension, despite adequate decoding skills and normal cognitive functioning. Materials and methods. Each participant was assessed using standardized tests designed to investigate decoding skills, reading comprehension, listening comprehension and visuospatial abilities. Based on the initial assessment, an integrated speech-language therapy program was developed, consisting of 10 sessions of 60 minutes each, combining linguistic and metacognitive activities with exercises aimed at strengthening executive functions, with particular attention to the visual-spatial components. At the end of the rehabilitation programme, a post-treatment assessment was carried out, approximately four months after the first one, using the same battery of tests, with the aim of comparing pre- and post-intervention performance and detecting any improvements. The data were then analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the Jamovi platform to assess the significance of the changes observed. Results. Descriptive statistical analyses showed an overall improvement in the sample's performance, with increasing means and medians in most of the tests considered and more pronounced gains in informational text comprehension and visuospatial abilities. Despite the clinically positive trend, inferential statistical analyses did not reveal any statistically significant differences between pre- and post-intervention. Discussion and conclusions. The most marked improvements observed in informational text comprehension and visuospatial skills are consistent with theoretical evidence underscoring the central role of visuospatial components in constructing mental representations that support the processing of complex texts. Although there were no statistically significant differences between pre- and post-intervention, probably due to the small sample size, the positive clinical trend is confirmed by the analysis of individual profiles, which show a predominantly stable or increased performances. Overall, these elements suggest that the combined stimulation of linguistic, metacognitive and executive skills can promote an improvement in reading comprehension skills. Limitations and future prospects. The small sample size, the short duration of the intervention and the absence of a control group limit the generalisability of the results. Future studies, overcoming these critical issues, will be able to outline more precisely the contribution of visuospatial skills to text comprehension and provide more solid evidence on the effectiveness of the proposed intervention.
Introduzione. La comprensione del testo è un processo complesso e multicomponenziale, nel quale concorrono funzioni linguistiche, metacognitive ed esecutive. Le evidenze scientifiche più recenti mettono in luce il ruolo cruciale del funzionamento esecutivo nella costruzione di una comprensione profonda e coerente del testo, attribuendo alle sue componenti visuo-spaziali un contributo determinante. Nella pratica clinica, tuttavia, gli interventi tendono ancora a focalizzarsi principalmente sugli aspetti linguistici e metacognitivi, trascurando le componenti cognitive ed esecutive strettamente connesse alla comprensione del testo. Obiettivo. Il presente lavoro di tesi si propone di indagare l’efficacia di un intervento logopedico integrato finalizzato al potenziamento della comprensione del testo scritto, attraverso la stimolazione congiunta di competenze linguistiche, metacognitive ed esecutive visuo-spaziali. Partecipanti. Lo studio, a carattere esplorativo, ha coinvolto un campione di cinque bambini frequentanti la scuola primaria e secondaria di primo grado, che presentavano fragilità nella comprensione del testo scritto, a fronte di abilità di decodifica adeguate e di un funzionamento cognitivo nella norma. Materiali e metodi. Ciascun partecipante è stato valutato attraverso test standardizzati volti ad indagare le competenze di decodifica, la comprensione del testo in lettura autonoma e su ascolto e le abilità visuo-spaziali. Alla luce dei risultati ottenuti, è stato predisposto un intervento logopedico integrato, articolato in 10 sedute di 60 minuti ciascuna, che combinava attività linguistiche e metacognitive con esercizi mirati al potenziamento delle funzioni esecutive, con particolare attenzione alla componente visuo-spaziale. Al termine del percorso riabilitativo è stata effettuata una valutazione post-trattamento, a circa quattro mesi dalla prima, mediante la stessa batteria di test, con l’obiettivo di confrontare le prestazioni pre e post-intervento e di rilevare eventuali miglioramenti. I dati sono stati successivamente analizzati tramite statistiche descrittive ed inferenziali con la piattaforma Jamovi, per valutare la significatività dei cambiamenti osservati. Risultati. Le analisi statistiche descrittive hanno evidenziato un miglioramento complessivo delle prestazioni del campione, con medie e mediane in aumento nella maggior parte delle prove considerate e progressi più marcati nella comprensione del brano informativo e nelle abilità visuo-spaziali. Nonostante il trend clinicamente positivo, le analisi statistiche inferenziali non hanno rilevato differenze statisticamente significative tra il pre e il post-intervento. Discussione e conclusioni. L’incremento più marcato rilevato nelle prove di comprensione del brano informativo e nelle abilità visuo-spaziali risulta coerente con le evidenze teoriche che riconoscono alle componenti visuo-spaziali un ruolo centrale nella costruzione di rappresentazioni mentali funzionali all’elaborazione di testi complessi. Pur in assenza di differenze statisticamente significative tra pre e post-intervento, verosimilmente a causa della ridotta numerosità del campione, il trend clinico positivo è confermato dall’analisi dei profili individuali, dai quali emerge prevalentemente un mantenimento o un incremento delle prestazioni. Nel complesso, questi elementi suggeriscono che la stimolazione congiunta delle competenze linguistiche, metacognitive ed esecutive possa favorire un miglioramento delle abilità di comprensione del testo scritto. Limiti e prospettive future. La ridotta numerosità campionaria, la breve durata dell’intervento e l’assenza di un gruppo di controllo limitano la generalizzabilità dei risultati. Studi futuri, superando tali criticità, potranno delineare con maggiore precisione il contributo delle abilità visuo-spaziali alla comprensione del testo e fornire evidenze più solide sull’efficacia dell’intervento proposto.
Trattamento logopedico integrato sulla comprensione del testo scritto. Uno studio pilota esplorativo.
ZAMPIERI, LINDA
2024/2025
Abstract
Introduction. Reading comprehension is a complex, multi-component process involving linguistic, metacognitive and executive functions. The latest scientific evidence highlights the crucial role of executive functioning in building a deep and coherent understanding of text, attributing a decisive contribution to its visuospatial components. In clinical practice, however, interventions still tend to focus mainly on linguistic and metacognitive aspects, neglecting the cognitive and executive components closely related to text comprehension. Objective. This thesis aims to investigate the effectiveness of an integrated speech therapy intervention aimed at enhancing reading comprehension through the joint stimulation of linguistic, metacognitive and visuospatial executive skills. Participants. The exploratory study involved a sample of five children attending primary and lower secondary school with difficulties in reading comprehension, despite adequate decoding skills and normal cognitive functioning. Materials and methods. Each participant was assessed using standardized tests designed to investigate decoding skills, reading comprehension, listening comprehension and visuospatial abilities. Based on the initial assessment, an integrated speech-language therapy program was developed, consisting of 10 sessions of 60 minutes each, combining linguistic and metacognitive activities with exercises aimed at strengthening executive functions, with particular attention to the visual-spatial components. At the end of the rehabilitation programme, a post-treatment assessment was carried out, approximately four months after the first one, using the same battery of tests, with the aim of comparing pre- and post-intervention performance and detecting any improvements. The data were then analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the Jamovi platform to assess the significance of the changes observed. Results. Descriptive statistical analyses showed an overall improvement in the sample's performance, with increasing means and medians in most of the tests considered and more pronounced gains in informational text comprehension and visuospatial abilities. Despite the clinically positive trend, inferential statistical analyses did not reveal any statistically significant differences between pre- and post-intervention. Discussion and conclusions. The most marked improvements observed in informational text comprehension and visuospatial skills are consistent with theoretical evidence underscoring the central role of visuospatial components in constructing mental representations that support the processing of complex texts. Although there were no statistically significant differences between pre- and post-intervention, probably due to the small sample size, the positive clinical trend is confirmed by the analysis of individual profiles, which show a predominantly stable or increased performances. Overall, these elements suggest that the combined stimulation of linguistic, metacognitive and executive skills can promote an improvement in reading comprehension skills. Limitations and future prospects. The small sample size, the short duration of the intervention and the absence of a control group limit the generalisability of the results. Future studies, overcoming these critical issues, will be able to outline more precisely the contribution of visuospatial skills to text comprehension and provide more solid evidence on the effectiveness of the proposed intervention.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/99917