Improving people’s safety is a multidisciplinary challenge requiring expertise spanning from medicine to engineering. In this context, the role of engineers is crucial in developing protective devices and providing tools to objectively assess their performance in light of clinical evidence. Head injuries account for a large proportion of hospitalizations and fatalities resulting from traumatic events in traffic, sports, and occupational settings. Consequently, research aimed at understanding injury mechanisms and their mitigation is of great importance. Different types of head injuries exist, each with distinct causes and outcomes, and specific protective solutions have been designed to address them. Helmets have long represented an essential form of protection. Initially, they were developed to prevent skull fractures, with functional performance evaluated through specific injury criteria, which gradually led to improved effectiveness. Later, the introduction of energy-absorbing materials enhanced protection against severe closed head injuries by reducing head accelerations during impacts. Today, modern helmets can significantly decrease the incidence of many severe and even fatal head injuries. The understanding of injury mechanisms has further advanced thanks to finite element (FE) models of the human head, which have provided valuable insights into brain injury dynamics. These models have also supported the design of more sophisticated protective devices, aimed particularly at reducing the risk of injuries caused by impacts with a strong rotational component. The present work forms part of a long-term research activity at the Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, focused on the design and fabrication of human head prototypes instrumented with various sensors (accelerometers, gyroscopes, and pressure sensors) for impact testing. Due to the complexity of anatomical structures, achieving satisfactory biofidelity is challenging, beginning with the choice of materials. Biological tissues possess unique physical and mechanical properties that are difficult to reproduce with metals or polymers. Moreover, model fabrication is costly and time-consuming because of material expenses, manufacturing processes (typically casting or 3D printing), and the integration of sensors. This study describes the development of a new model based on the last physical replica of a human head produced in 2022 at the DII Department, designed with particular attention to biomechanical biofidelity. Initially, STL files of the physical model components were pre-processed in Meshmixer (Autodesk) and converted into solid models in Fusion 360 (Autodesk). These were subsequently refined in Fusion 360 and SolidWorks to optimize the center of gravity, mass distribution, and to allow the integration of a sensorized mouthguard. The work then focused on redesigning the plastic skin mold to match the updated skull geometry. Following this, improvements were implemented on the custom drop tower, addressing the critical issues observed during the 2022 tests. The redesign was carried out in compliance with motorcycle helmet standards (UN/ECE 22.06), enabling both linear and rotational drop tests.
Migliorare la sicurezza delle persone è una sfida multidisciplinare che richiede competenze che spaziano dalla medicina all’ingegneria. In questo contesto, il ruolo degli ingegneri è cruciale nello sviluppo di dispositivi di protezione e nella definizione di strumenti per valutarne oggettivamente le prestazioni alla luce delle evidenze cliniche. Le lesioni alla testa rappresentano una quota significativa dei ricoveri e dei decessi conseguenti a eventi traumatici legati al traffico, allo sport e alle attività lavorative. Di conseguenza, la ricerca finalizzata alla comprensione dei meccanismi lesionali e alla loro mitigazione riveste un’importanza fondamentale. Esistono diversi tipi di traumi cranici, ciascuno con cause ed esiti specifici, per i quali sono state sviluppate soluzioni protettive mirate. I caschi rappresentano da lungo tempo una forma essenziale di protezione. Inizialmente furono progettati per prevenire le fratture craniche, con prestazioni funzionali valutate tramite criteri specifici di lesione, che ne hanno progressivamente migliorato l’efficacia. Successivamente, l’introduzione di materiali che assorbono l’energia d’impatto ha permesso di aumentare la protezione anche contro gravi traumi cranici chiusi, riducendo le accelerazioni della testa durante l’impatto. Oggi i caschi moderni sono in grado di ridurre in maniera significativa l’incidenza di molte lesioni gravi e potenzialmente fatali. La comprensione dei meccanismi lesionali è stata ulteriormente favorita dai modelli a elementi finiti (FE) della testa umana, che hanno fornito preziose informazioni sulla dinamica delle lesioni cerebrali. Questi modelli hanno inoltre supportato lo sviluppo di dispositivi di protezione più avanzati, progettati in particolare per ridurre il rischio di lesioni causate da impatti con una forte componente rotazionale. Il presente lavoro si inserisce in un’attività di ricerca a lungo termine condotta presso il Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale (DII) dell’Università di Padova, focalizzata sulla progettazione e realizzazione di prototipi di testa umana strumentati con diversi sensori (accelerometri, giroscopi e sensori di pressione) per test d’impatto. A causa della complessità delle strutture anatomiche, ottenere una biofedeltà soddisfacente rappresenta una sfida, a partire dalla scelta dei materiali. I tessuti biologici presentano infatti proprietà fisiche e meccaniche uniche, difficili da riprodurre con metalli o polimeri. Inoltre, la realizzazione dei modelli è costosa e richiede molto tempo, sia per i materiali utilizzati sia per i processi produttivi (tipicamente colata o protoipazione 3D) e per l’integrazione dei sensori. Questo studio descrive lo sviluppo di un nuovo modello basato sull’ultima replica fisica di una testa umana realizzata nel 2022 presso il Dipartimento DII, progettata con particolare attenzione alla biofedeltà biomeccanica. Inizialmente, i file STL delle componenti del modello fisico sono stati pre-processati con il software Meshmixer (Autodesk) e convertiti in modelli solidi in Fusion 360 (Autodesk). Successivamente, i modelli sono stati perfezionati in Fusion 360 e SolidWorks per ottimizzare il baricentro, la distribuzione delle masse e permettere l’inserimento di un paradenti sensorizzato. Il lavoro si è poi concentrato sulla riprogettazione dello stampo in plastica della pelle, adattandolo alla nuova geometria del cranio. Infine, sono stati introdotti miglioramenti alla torre di caduta personalizzata, eliminando le criticità riscontrate durante le prove del 2022. La riprogettazione è stata condotta in conformità con gli standard per i caschi da motociclo (UN/ECE 22.06), consentendo l’esecuzione di test di caduta sia lineari che rotazionali.
Improvement of a human biofidelic head replica for the assessment of modern helmets during linear and rotational impact tests
SCHIAVON, LEONARDO
2024/2025
Abstract
Improving people’s safety is a multidisciplinary challenge requiring expertise spanning from medicine to engineering. In this context, the role of engineers is crucial in developing protective devices and providing tools to objectively assess their performance in light of clinical evidence. Head injuries account for a large proportion of hospitalizations and fatalities resulting from traumatic events in traffic, sports, and occupational settings. Consequently, research aimed at understanding injury mechanisms and their mitigation is of great importance. Different types of head injuries exist, each with distinct causes and outcomes, and specific protective solutions have been designed to address them. Helmets have long represented an essential form of protection. Initially, they were developed to prevent skull fractures, with functional performance evaluated through specific injury criteria, which gradually led to improved effectiveness. Later, the introduction of energy-absorbing materials enhanced protection against severe closed head injuries by reducing head accelerations during impacts. Today, modern helmets can significantly decrease the incidence of many severe and even fatal head injuries. The understanding of injury mechanisms has further advanced thanks to finite element (FE) models of the human head, which have provided valuable insights into brain injury dynamics. These models have also supported the design of more sophisticated protective devices, aimed particularly at reducing the risk of injuries caused by impacts with a strong rotational component. The present work forms part of a long-term research activity at the Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, focused on the design and fabrication of human head prototypes instrumented with various sensors (accelerometers, gyroscopes, and pressure sensors) for impact testing. Due to the complexity of anatomical structures, achieving satisfactory biofidelity is challenging, beginning with the choice of materials. Biological tissues possess unique physical and mechanical properties that are difficult to reproduce with metals or polymers. Moreover, model fabrication is costly and time-consuming because of material expenses, manufacturing processes (typically casting or 3D printing), and the integration of sensors. This study describes the development of a new model based on the last physical replica of a human head produced in 2022 at the DII Department, designed with particular attention to biomechanical biofidelity. Initially, STL files of the physical model components were pre-processed in Meshmixer (Autodesk) and converted into solid models in Fusion 360 (Autodesk). These were subsequently refined in Fusion 360 and SolidWorks to optimize the center of gravity, mass distribution, and to allow the integration of a sensorized mouthguard. The work then focused on redesigning the plastic skin mold to match the updated skull geometry. Following this, improvements were implemented on the custom drop tower, addressing the critical issues observed during the 2022 tests. The redesign was carried out in compliance with motorcycle helmet standards (UN/ECE 22.06), enabling both linear and rotational drop tests.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/99965