Hospitalisation of paediatric patients is often associated with fear, anxiety and pain, especially during invasive procedures. While in the past management was mainly based on medication, in recent years a multimodal approach that also integrates non-pharmacological interventions has become established. Virtual Reality (VR) has emerged as an effective tool for distraction and relaxation to reduce anxiety and pain in children and their caregivers. This study aims to evaluate its effectiveness by analysing anxiety, pain perception and coping strategies of patients and parents, with the aim of promoting interventions focused on the psychological and physical well-being of young patients. The effectiveness of VR is investigated in 200 paediatric patients between the ages of 8 and 23, attending various paediatric wards, including the Oncohaematology ward, who undergo procedures under sedation and analgesia. The research aims to evaluate the impact of VR in these patients, in conjunction with medical, psychological and sociodemographic parameters. After signing the informed consent form, patients experienced the use of the VR headset shortly before and during the sedation procedure. The SAFA anxiety scale and PPCI were administered to patients before the procedure, at time T0, while perceived pain and fear were measured using the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale and the Children's Fear Scale, administered both before and upon awakening (T1 and T3). At the same time, caregivers were assessed using the GAD-7 and ASA-27 tools at both time points (T0 and T1) and then again with the GAD-7 upon awakening (T3). The analysis showed a significant reduction in fear between the pre- and post-procedural phases, with a more marked effect in children experiencing the procedure for the first time and modulated by parental anxiety levels. Pain perception was lower in participants who used Virtual Reality (VR), with a more consistent effect in less experienced patients. Paediatric anxiety levels decreased over time, and parental anxiety also decreased progressively during the different measurement phases. A positive correlation emerged between parental and child anxiety, confirming the mutual emotional influence in the procedural context. Finally, analysis of coping strategies showed a prevalence of distraction and social support-seeking behaviours, associated with a lower perception of fear and pain. Overall, VR proved to be an effective intervention. Despite methodological and organisational constraints, the results highlight the high acceptability of virtual reality in paediatrics and its potential to reduce pain and anxiety, opening up prospects for future studies on integration and long-term effects.
L’ospedalizzazione dei pazienti pediatrici è spesso associata a paura, ansia e dolore, soprattutto durante procedure invasive. Se in passato la gestione si basava principalmente su farmaci, negli ultimi anni si è affermato un approccio multimodale che integra anche interventi non farmacologici. La Realtà Virtuale (VR) è emersa come strumento efficace di distrazione e rilassamento per ridurre ansia e dolore nei bambini e nei loro caregiver. Questo studio mira a valutarne l’efficacia, analizzando ansia, percezione del dolore e strategie di coping di pazienti e genitori, con l’obiettivo di promuovere interventi centrati sul benessere psicofisico del piccolo paziente. L’efficacia della VR è indagata su 200 pazienti pediatrici tra gli 8 e i 23 anni, afferenti a vari reparti pediatrici, compreso quello di Oncoematologia, che sono sottoposti a procedure in sedoanalgesia. La ricerca mira a valutare l’impatto della VR in tali pazienti, in concomitanza con parametri medici, psicologici e sociodemografici. Dopo la firma del consenso informato, i pazienti hanno sperimentato l’uso del visore VR poco prima e durante la procedura di sedazione. La scala di ansia SAFA e la PPCI sono state somministrate prima della procedura ai pazienti, al tempo T0, mentre dolore e paura percepiti sono stati misurati con la Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale e la Children’s Fear Scale, somministrate sia prima che al risveglio (T1 e T3). Parallelamente, i caregiver sono stati sottoposti a valutazione con gli strumenti GAD-7 e ASA-27 in entrambi i momenti (T0 e T1) e successivamente nuovamente col GAD-7 al risveglio (T3). L’analisi ha mostrato una riduzione significativa della paura tra la fase pre- e post-procedurale, con un effetto più marcato nei bambini alla prima esperienza e modulato dai livelli di ansia genitoriale. La percezione del dolore è risultata inferiore nei partecipanti che hanno utilizzato la Realtà Virtuale (VR), evidenziando un effetto più consistente nei pazienti meno esperti. I livelli di ansia pediatrica si sono ridotti nel tempo, anche l’ansia genitoriale è diminuita progressivamente nelle diverse fasi di misurazione. È emersa una correlazione positiva tra l’ansia dei genitori e quella dei figli, a conferma della reciproca influenza emotiva nel contesto procedurale. Infine, l’analisi delle strategie di coping ha mostrato una prevalenza di modalità di distrazione e ricerca di supporto sociale, associate a una minore percezione di paura e dolore. Nel complesso, la VR si è dimostrata un intervento efficace. Nonostante vincoli metodologici e organizzativi, i risultati sottolineano l’elevata accettabilità della realtà virtuale in pediatria e il suo potenziale nel ridurre dolore e ansia, aprendo prospettive per studi futuri sull’integrazione e gli effetti a lungo termine.
Efficacia della realtà virtuale nella gestione di dolore e ansia in pazienti pediatrici e caregiver durante procedure sedoanalgesiche
ANGELILLO, ROSITA
2024/2025
Abstract
Hospitalisation of paediatric patients is often associated with fear, anxiety and pain, especially during invasive procedures. While in the past management was mainly based on medication, in recent years a multimodal approach that also integrates non-pharmacological interventions has become established. Virtual Reality (VR) has emerged as an effective tool for distraction and relaxation to reduce anxiety and pain in children and their caregivers. This study aims to evaluate its effectiveness by analysing anxiety, pain perception and coping strategies of patients and parents, with the aim of promoting interventions focused on the psychological and physical well-being of young patients. The effectiveness of VR is investigated in 200 paediatric patients between the ages of 8 and 23, attending various paediatric wards, including the Oncohaematology ward, who undergo procedures under sedation and analgesia. The research aims to evaluate the impact of VR in these patients, in conjunction with medical, psychological and sociodemographic parameters. After signing the informed consent form, patients experienced the use of the VR headset shortly before and during the sedation procedure. The SAFA anxiety scale and PPCI were administered to patients before the procedure, at time T0, while perceived pain and fear were measured using the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale and the Children's Fear Scale, administered both before and upon awakening (T1 and T3). At the same time, caregivers were assessed using the GAD-7 and ASA-27 tools at both time points (T0 and T1) and then again with the GAD-7 upon awakening (T3). The analysis showed a significant reduction in fear between the pre- and post-procedural phases, with a more marked effect in children experiencing the procedure for the first time and modulated by parental anxiety levels. Pain perception was lower in participants who used Virtual Reality (VR), with a more consistent effect in less experienced patients. Paediatric anxiety levels decreased over time, and parental anxiety also decreased progressively during the different measurement phases. A positive correlation emerged between parental and child anxiety, confirming the mutual emotional influence in the procedural context. Finally, analysis of coping strategies showed a prevalence of distraction and social support-seeking behaviours, associated with a lower perception of fear and pain. Overall, VR proved to be an effective intervention. Despite methodological and organisational constraints, the results highlight the high acceptability of virtual reality in paediatrics and its potential to reduce pain and anxiety, opening up prospects for future studies on integration and long-term effects.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/100067