Invasive medical procedures on minors and hospital admissions in paediatric patients are often accompanied by high levels of stress, with significant anxiety and fear experienced by both children and their parents. Traditional pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods are available for managing anxiety and pain perception in patients; in recent years, there has been a significant increase in the use of the latter. In particular, the use of virtual reality (VR) has proven to be an effective tool in managing these experiences in a preoperative setting, with positive effects not only on patients but also on caregivers. Context/purpose: The present study investigates the effectiveness of VR in reducing anxiety, pain perception and pharmacological control. Patients aged between 8 and 23 years, from different departments (e.g., oncohaematology, gastroenterology, pulmonology, etc.) undergoing invasive medical procedures under analgesic sedation, were recruited. The research also studied the sociodemographic analysis of the context of origin and parents in order to clarify all possible correlations. Methods: Patients used a VR headset for a few minutes before surgery until anaesthesia was induced. The procedure was carried out with informed consent. At T0, SAFA scales were proposed to assess anxiety and PPCI to assess coping strategies, as well as at T4 after the procedure, for comparison. Immediately before and after the procedure, scales for assessing pain and fear (The Wong-Baker Faces Pain and The Children's Fear Scales) were administered. Parents were also given scales for assessing generalised anxiety (GAD-7) and separation anxiety (ASA-27), as well as questionnaires for sociodemographic data collection. Results: Results: In the condition without VR, the main predictors of physiological parameters were the number of previous procedures and parental fears, highlighting a significant influence of previous experience and the emotional state of the parent on the physiological activation of the child. The introduction of VR modified these relationships, reducing the weight of contextual and parental variables and promoting more autonomous emotional regulation. Although the physiological differences between the two conditions are not statistically significant, descriptive trends consistent with a calming effect are observed: a slight increase in SatO₂, a reduction in RR, and greater haemodynamic stability in the VR group. On a pharmacological level, there are no significant differences in the dosages of Midazolam and Ketamine, while there is an initial increase in Propofol in the VR group. In cancer patients, VR seems to produce more marked effects, with better saturation values and reduced need for sedatives over time (Propofol), suggesting a potentially greater efficacy in this population. Finally, the satisfaction analysis shows a high acceptance of the VR experience (M=2.82 out of 3), with a slightly lower but still positive appreciation in the oncology group. Conclusions: Overall, the results support VR as a complementary tool to pharmacological sedation, capable of reducing anxiety, improving emotional comfort, and enhancing the well-being of children during invasive procedures. Further research with larger samples and control groups is needed to confirm the clinical significance of the observed effects.
L’esecuzione di procedure mediche invasive sui minori e i ricoveri in età pediatrica, sono spesso accompagnati da un forte livello di stress, con importanti vissuti di ansia e paura, sperimentati sia dai bambini che dai loro genitori. Per la gestione dell’ansia e la percezione del dolore nel paziente, esistono metodi farmacologici tradizionali e metodi non farmacologici; nel corso degli anni recenti si è assistito ad una forte implementazione di questi ultimi. In particolare, l’uso della realtà virtuale (VR) si è dimostrato uno strumento efficace nella gestione di tali vissuti in contesto preoperatorio, con effetti positivi, non solo sui pazienti ma anche sui care-giver. Contesto/scopo: Lo studio preso in esame si occupa di indagare l’efficacia dell’uso della VR nella riduzione dell'ansia, nella percezione del dolore e sul controllo farmacologico. Sono stati reclutati pazienti di età compresa tra gli 8 e i 23 anni provenienti da diversi reparti (es. oncoematologia, gastroenterologia, pneumologia ecc.), sottoposti a procedure mediche invasive in analgosedazione. La ricerca si è occupata, altresì, dell’analisi sociodemografica del contesto di provenienza e dei genitori al fine di chiarire tutte le possibili correlazioni. Metodi: I pazienti hanno utilizzato un visore per la VR pochi minuti prima dell’intervento fino all’induzione dell’anestesia. La procedura è stata attuata previa consenso informato. Al T0 sono state somministrate scale SAFA per la valutazione dell’ansia e il PPCI per la valutazione delle strategie di coping, come anche in un tempo successivo alla procedura T4, per il confronto. Nei momenti immediatamente precedente e successivo alla procedura sono state proposte le scale per la valutazione del dolore e della paura (The Wong-Baker Faces Pain and The Children’s Fear Scales). Sono state inoltre proposte ai genitori scale per la valutazione dell’ansia generalizzata (GAD-7), dell’ansia da separazione (ASA-27) e questionari per l’indagine sociodemografica. Risultati: Nella condizione senza VR, i principali predittori dei parametri fisiologici sono risultati il numero di procedure precedenti e le paure genitoriali, evidenziando un’influenza significativa dell’esperienza pregressa e dello stato emotivo del genitore sull’attivazione fisiologica del bambino. L’introduzione della VR ha modificato queste relazioni, riducendo il peso delle variabili contestuali e genitoriali, e favorendo una regolazione emotiva più autonoma. Sebbene le differenze fisiologiche tra le due condizioni non siano statisticamente significative, si osservano tendenze descrittive coerenti con un effetto calmante: lieve aumento della SatO₂, riduzione della FR e maggiore stabilità emodinamica nel gruppo VR. Sul piano farmacologico, non emergono differenze significative nei dosaggi di Midazolam e Ketamina, mentre si rileva un incremento iniziale del Propofol nel gruppo VR. Nei pazienti oncologici, la VR sembra produrre effetti più marcati, con migliori valori di saturazione e ridotto fabbisogno di sedativi nel tempo (Propofol), suggerendo una potenziale maggiore efficacia in questa popolazione. Infine, l’analisi del gradimento mostra un’elevata accettazione dell’esperienza VR (M=2.82 su 3), con un apprezzamento leggermente inferiore ma comunque positivo nel gruppo oncologico. Conclusioni: Nel complesso, i risultati sostengono la VR come strumento complementare alla sedazione farmacologica, capace di ridurre l’attivazione ansiosa, migliorare il comfort emotivo e potenziare il benessere del bambino durante le procedure invasive. Ulteriori ricerche con campioni più ampi e gruppi di controllo sono necessarie per confermare la significatività clinica degli effetti osservati.
Realtà virtuale nelle procedure sedo-anestesiologiche pediatriche: potenziali effetti su ansia e sedazione farmacologica
FRANCESCHIN, MARTINA
2024/2025
Abstract
Invasive medical procedures on minors and hospital admissions in paediatric patients are often accompanied by high levels of stress, with significant anxiety and fear experienced by both children and their parents. Traditional pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods are available for managing anxiety and pain perception in patients; in recent years, there has been a significant increase in the use of the latter. In particular, the use of virtual reality (VR) has proven to be an effective tool in managing these experiences in a preoperative setting, with positive effects not only on patients but also on caregivers. Context/purpose: The present study investigates the effectiveness of VR in reducing anxiety, pain perception and pharmacological control. Patients aged between 8 and 23 years, from different departments (e.g., oncohaematology, gastroenterology, pulmonology, etc.) undergoing invasive medical procedures under analgesic sedation, were recruited. The research also studied the sociodemographic analysis of the context of origin and parents in order to clarify all possible correlations. Methods: Patients used a VR headset for a few minutes before surgery until anaesthesia was induced. The procedure was carried out with informed consent. At T0, SAFA scales were proposed to assess anxiety and PPCI to assess coping strategies, as well as at T4 after the procedure, for comparison. Immediately before and after the procedure, scales for assessing pain and fear (The Wong-Baker Faces Pain and The Children's Fear Scales) were administered. Parents were also given scales for assessing generalised anxiety (GAD-7) and separation anxiety (ASA-27), as well as questionnaires for sociodemographic data collection. Results: Results: In the condition without VR, the main predictors of physiological parameters were the number of previous procedures and parental fears, highlighting a significant influence of previous experience and the emotional state of the parent on the physiological activation of the child. The introduction of VR modified these relationships, reducing the weight of contextual and parental variables and promoting more autonomous emotional regulation. Although the physiological differences between the two conditions are not statistically significant, descriptive trends consistent with a calming effect are observed: a slight increase in SatO₂, a reduction in RR, and greater haemodynamic stability in the VR group. On a pharmacological level, there are no significant differences in the dosages of Midazolam and Ketamine, while there is an initial increase in Propofol in the VR group. In cancer patients, VR seems to produce more marked effects, with better saturation values and reduced need for sedatives over time (Propofol), suggesting a potentially greater efficacy in this population. Finally, the satisfaction analysis shows a high acceptance of the VR experience (M=2.82 out of 3), with a slightly lower but still positive appreciation in the oncology group. Conclusions: Overall, the results support VR as a complementary tool to pharmacological sedation, capable of reducing anxiety, improving emotional comfort, and enhancing the well-being of children during invasive procedures. Further research with larger samples and control groups is needed to confirm the clinical significance of the observed effects.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/100168