Botryllus shclosseri is a colonial marine organism belonging to the phylum Chordata. It is a model organism because it is very easy to breed, has a fast reproductive cycle, and its immune system has been extensively studied: when two incompatible colonies come into contact, a necrotic line is created between them, preventing the two colonies from interacting, whereas if they are compatible with each other, this does not happen. This immune response is compared to the phenomenon of rejection in vertebrates. The same defense mechanism is expressed when B. schlosseri is exposed to contaminants, such as bacterial spores or fungi, and in this case, the action of morulary cells, cells of the immune system that circulate in the circulatory system and are characterized by the presence of vacuoles that release pro-inflammatory molecules by exocytosis, is well known. Histological analysis through the degranulation assay allowed the percentage of degranulation of morulary cells to be evaluated. Compared with the control samples, this showed a clear decrease in the immune response, both in samples treated with galactosamine and at different concentrations of heparin, with lower immune activity at higher concentrations. Molecular analysis of samples treated with galactosamine confirmed the inhibitory activity of the immune system due to the amino sugar: through reverse transcription and real-time PCR, reduced transcription of the genes for SOD, C3, and RBL was observed, while no significant difference in the transcription of the genes for catalase was demonstrated.
Botryllus shclosseri è un organismo marino, coloniale, appartenente al phylum dei Chordata. È un organismo modello perché molto facile da allevare, ciclo riproduttivo veloce e il loro sistema immunitario è ampiamente studiato: quando due colonie non compatibili entrano in contatto, si viene a creare una linea necrotica tra le due, evitando che le due colonie interagiscano, mentre se sono compatibili tra loro, ciò non avviene. Questa risposta immunitaria è paragonata al fenomeno di rigetto dei vertebrati. La stessa misura di difesa viene espressa quando B. schlosseri viene esposto a contaminanti, come spore batteriche o funghi, ed in questo è nota l’azione delle cellule morulari, cellule del sistema immunitario e che circolano nel sistema circolatorio caratterizzate dalla presenza di vacuoli che per esocitosi rilasciano molecole pro-infiammatorie. L’analisi istologica attraverso il saggio di degranulazione ha permesso di valutare la percentuale di degranulazione delle cellule morulari che, confrontate con i campioni di controllo, ha evidenziato un evidente calo della risposta immunitaria, sia in campioni trattati con galattosamina, che a diverse concentrazioni di eparina, con la minor attività immunitaria a concentrazioni maggiori. L’analisi molecolare di campioni trattati con galattosamina ha confermato l’attività inibitoria del sistema immunitario a causa dell’amminozucchero: attraverso la retrotrascrizione e la PCR-Real time è stata evidenziata una minor trascrizione dei geni per SOD, C3 e RBL, mentre non è stata dimostrata alcuna differenza significativa nella trascrizione dei geni per la catalasi.
Risposte istologiche e molecolari del sistema immunitario di Botryllus schlosseri esposto a galattosamina ed eparina
D'ASCENZO, PAOLO
2024/2025
Abstract
Botryllus shclosseri is a colonial marine organism belonging to the phylum Chordata. It is a model organism because it is very easy to breed, has a fast reproductive cycle, and its immune system has been extensively studied: when two incompatible colonies come into contact, a necrotic line is created between them, preventing the two colonies from interacting, whereas if they are compatible with each other, this does not happen. This immune response is compared to the phenomenon of rejection in vertebrates. The same defense mechanism is expressed when B. schlosseri is exposed to contaminants, such as bacterial spores or fungi, and in this case, the action of morulary cells, cells of the immune system that circulate in the circulatory system and are characterized by the presence of vacuoles that release pro-inflammatory molecules by exocytosis, is well known. Histological analysis through the degranulation assay allowed the percentage of degranulation of morulary cells to be evaluated. Compared with the control samples, this showed a clear decrease in the immune response, both in samples treated with galactosamine and at different concentrations of heparin, with lower immune activity at higher concentrations. Molecular analysis of samples treated with galactosamine confirmed the inhibitory activity of the immune system due to the amino sugar: through reverse transcription and real-time PCR, reduced transcription of the genes for SOD, C3, and RBL was observed, while no significant difference in the transcription of the genes for catalase was demonstrated.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/101796