Background: Chronic ankle instability is a condition characterized by recurrent episodes of giving way, pain, and reduced functionality that can arise after a sprain and persist beyond six months. Since up to 32–74% of sprains progress to CAI, especially with inadequate rehabilitation, it represents a significant problem associated with proprioceptive deficits, ligament laxity, and limitations in daily and sports activities. Objectives: The objective of this literature review is to compare the effectiveness of plyometric training versus balance exercises in the physiotherapy management of CAI, analyzing their effects on: functional stability, through static and dynamic balance tests; neuromuscular and biomechanical control during dynamic tasks; and subjective perception of instability and limb functionality in sports and everyday life. Materials and methods: Studies were collected through searches in PubMed, PEDro, and Google Scholar. After an initial screening of abstracts, potentially eligible articles were analyzed through a full read to ensure they met the eligibility criteria. Only studies that fully met the predefined criteria and provided adequate data for comparison between the interventions analyzed were included in the review. Results: Studies show that balance training effectively improves static and dynamic balance, while plyometric training, although less well-documented, may offer comparable or greater benefits for dynamic stability. Both interventions improve neuromuscular control through different adaptations, and subjectively, balance is particularly effective, with plyometrics further enhancing the perception of reactivity and stability in dynamic activities. Conclusions: The results across the three domains suggest the usefulness of a progressive rehabilitation protocol for CAI, beginning with balance exercises on stable and unstable surfaces and continuing with an advanced phase of gradual plyometrics aimed at improving reactivity and the ability to resist perturbations.
Background: L’instabilità cronica di caviglia è una condizione caratterizzata da episodi ricorrenti di cedimento, dolore e riduzione della funzionalità che può insorgere dopo una distorsione e persistere oltre sei mesi. Poiché fino al 32–74% delle distorsioni evolve in CAI, soprattutto in caso di riabilitazione inadeguata, essa rappresenta una problematica rilevante associata a deficit propriocettivi, lassità legamentosa e limitazioni nelle attività quotidiane e sportive. Obiettivi: L’obiettivo di questa revisione della letteratura è confrontare l’efficacia dell’allenamento pliometrico rispetto agli esercizi di equilibrio nella gestione fisioterapica della CAI, analizzando i loro effetti su: stabilità funzionale, tramite test di equilibrio statico e dinamico; controllo neuromuscolare e biomeccanico durante compiti dinamici; percezione soggettiva di instabilità e funzionalità dell’arto in ambito sportivo e quotidiano. Materiali e metodi: Sono stati raccolti studi tramite le ricerche su PubMed, PEDro e Google Scholar. Dopo una prima scrematura degli abstract gli articoli potenzialmente idonei sono stati analizzati mediante lettura integrale per verificarne la conformità ai criteri di eleggibilità. Sono stati infine inclusi nella revisione solo gli studi che soddisfacevano pienamente i criteri predefiniti e che fornivano dati adeguati per il confronto tra gli interventi oggetto dell’analisi. Risultati: Gli studi mostrano che l’allenamento dell’equilibrio migliora efficacemente equilibrio statico e dinamico, mentre il pliometrico, sebbene meno documentato, può offrire benefici comparabili o superiori sulla stabilità dinamica. Entrambi gli interventi migliorano il controllo neuromuscolare attraverso adattamenti diversi e, sul piano soggettivo, l’equilibrio risulta particolarmente efficace, con la pliometria che ne potenzia ulteriormente la percezione di reattività e stabilità nelle attività dinamiche. Conclusioni: I risultati nei tre domini suggeriscono l’utilità di un protocollo riabilitativo progressivo per la CAI, iniziando con esercizi di equilibrio su superfici stabili e instabili e proseguendo con una fase avanzata di pliometria graduale volta a migliorare la reattività e la capacità di resistere alle perturbazioni.
Confronto tra esercizi pliometrici ed esercizi di equilibrio nella gestione di instabilità cronica di caviglia: una revisione della letteratura
DE BASTIANI, ANDREA
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: Chronic ankle instability is a condition characterized by recurrent episodes of giving way, pain, and reduced functionality that can arise after a sprain and persist beyond six months. Since up to 32–74% of sprains progress to CAI, especially with inadequate rehabilitation, it represents a significant problem associated with proprioceptive deficits, ligament laxity, and limitations in daily and sports activities. Objectives: The objective of this literature review is to compare the effectiveness of plyometric training versus balance exercises in the physiotherapy management of CAI, analyzing their effects on: functional stability, through static and dynamic balance tests; neuromuscular and biomechanical control during dynamic tasks; and subjective perception of instability and limb functionality in sports and everyday life. Materials and methods: Studies were collected through searches in PubMed, PEDro, and Google Scholar. After an initial screening of abstracts, potentially eligible articles were analyzed through a full read to ensure they met the eligibility criteria. Only studies that fully met the predefined criteria and provided adequate data for comparison between the interventions analyzed were included in the review. Results: Studies show that balance training effectively improves static and dynamic balance, while plyometric training, although less well-documented, may offer comparable or greater benefits for dynamic stability. Both interventions improve neuromuscular control through different adaptations, and subjectively, balance is particularly effective, with plyometrics further enhancing the perception of reactivity and stability in dynamic activities. Conclusions: The results across the three domains suggest the usefulness of a progressive rehabilitation protocol for CAI, beginning with balance exercises on stable and unstable surfaces and continuing with an advanced phase of gradual plyometrics aimed at improving reactivity and the ability to resist perturbations.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/102496