The growing use of biological drugs makes the development of reliable and reproducible analytical protocols for their physicochemical characterization increasingly essential. In this Thesis work, conducted in collaboration with a company in the field, Mérieux NutriSciences Italia, several experimental approaches were developed and validated on two proteins: recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) and the monoclonal antibody NISTmAb RM 8671, used as a reference material in the biopharmaceutical field. A literature review was initially conducted to identify the most appropriate protocols for the characterization of therapeutic proteins. These methods were then adapted and applied to the two selected samples to evaluate their efficacy and reproducibility. The aim of the project was to verify how well the developed methods accurately described the molecular characteristics of the analyzed proteins, comparing the experimental results obtained with those reported in the literature. Recombinant human erythropoietin is a therapeutic protein used in the treatment of various forms of anemia. It exhibits several post-translational modifications, among which glycosylation is the most important, as it plays an essential role in defining its three-dimensional structure and, consequently, its biological activity in vivo. The analyses were performed on a sample of rhEPO produced in HEK293 cells. The investigations included establishing an N-deglycosylation protocol for rhEPO with PNGase-F coupled with SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) to evaluate the distribution of the glycosylated protein forms. The intact mass of the N-deglycosylated rhEPO was also determined by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Lastly, LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry) analyses performed on the tryptic digests of the rhEPO gel bands allowed confirmation of the protein’s identity and glycosylation sites. The monoclonal antibody NISTmAb RM 8671, unlike rhEPO, is not a biological drug and was used to develop analytical methods applicable to the characterization of monoclonal antibodies. In fact, the literature reports analytical protocols validated by reference organizations such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the United States, developed on this standard antibody. Through LC-MS and LC-MS/MS analyses of NISTmAb under reducing and non-reducing conditions, it was possible to confirm the identity of the protein and obtain information on the primary structure of the heavy and light chains, the glycosylation pattern, and other chemical modifications present. A characterization of the NISTmAb Fab fragment, a homogeneous, non-glycosylated portion of the protein obtained by papain digestion, was also performed. In the end, to obtain an overall assessment of the aggregation state of the NISTmAb sample, an analysis by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) was conducted. The DLS results showed that the sample was homogeneous, with sizes consistent with the values reported in the NIST protocols. The results obtained for rhEPO and NISTmAb demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed protocols, confirming their applicability to the structural and stability studies of these proteins and, in perspective, to the quality control of biological drugs.
La crescente diffusione dei farmaci biologici rende sempre più necessaria la messa a punto di protocolli analitici affidabili e riproducibili per la loro caratterizzazione chimico-fisica. In questo lavoro di Tesi, svolto in collaborazione con un’azienda del settore, la Mérieux NutriSciences Italia, sono stati messi a punto e validati diversi approcci sperimentali applicati a due proteine, l’eritropoietina ricombinante umana (rhEPO) e l’anticorpo monoclonale NISTmAb RM 8671, impiegato come materiale di riferimento in ambito biofarmaceutico. È stata inizialmente svolta una revisione della letteratura per identificare i protocolli più appropriati per la caratterizzazione delle proteine terapeutiche. Questi metodi sono stati poi adattati e applicati ai due campioni selezionati per valutarne l’efficacia e riproducibilità. L’obiettivo del progetto è stato quello di verificare in che misura i metodi sviluppati fossero in grado di descrivere con precisione le caratteristiche molecolari delle proteine analizzate, confrontando i risultati sperimentali ottenuti con quelli riportati in letteratura. L’eritropoietina ricombinante umana è una proteina terapeutica impiegata nel trattamento di varie forme di anemia. Essa presenta diverse modificazioni post-traduzionali, tra cui la più importante è la glicosilazione poiché svolge un ruolo essenziale nella definizione della sua struttura tridimensionale e quindi della sua attività biologica in vivo. Le analisi sono state condotte su un campione di rhEPO prodotto in cellule HEK293. Le indagini hanno riguardato la messa a punto di un protocollo di N-deglicosilazione di rhEPO con PNGase-F accoppiato ad analisi su elettroforesi SDS-PAGE (gel di poliacrilammide in presenza di sodio dodecilsolfato) per valutare la distribuzione delle forme glicosilate della proteina. È stata inoltre determinata la massa intatta della forma N-deglicosilata di rhEPO mediante analisi di cromatografia liquida accoppiata a spettrometria di massa (LC-MS). Infine, analisi LC-MS/MS (cromatografia liquida-spettrometria di massa in tandem) eseguite sui digeriti triptici delle bande da gel di rhEPO hanno permesso di confermare l’identità della proteina ed i siti di glicosilazione. L’anticorpo monoclonale NISTmAb RM 8671, al contrario di rhEPO, non è un farmaco biologico. Esso infatti funge da materiale di riferimento per mettere a punto dei metodi analitici da applicare per la caratterizzazione di anticorpi monoclonali. In letteratura esistono infatti protocolli analitici validati da organismi di riferimento come il National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) degli Stati Uniti, sviluppati su questo anticorpo standard. Attraverso analisi LC-MS e LC-MS/MS del NISTmAb in condizioni riducenti e non riducenti è stato possibile confermare l’identità della proteina, ottenendo informazioni sulla struttura primaria delle catene pesanti e leggera, sul pattern glicosidico e su altre modifiche chimiche presenti. È stata poi eseguita una caratterizzazione del frammento Fab del NISTmAb, una porzione della proteina omogenea e priva di glicosilazione, ottenuto tramite digestione con papaina. Infine, per una valutazione complessiva dello stato di aggregazione del campione NISTmAb è stata effettuata un’analisi mediante Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). L’analisi DLS ha dimostrato che il campione utilizzato è omogeno con dimensioni in accordo con i valori riportati nei protocolli NIST. I risultati ottenuti su rhEPO e NISTmAb hanno dimostrato l’efficacia dei protocolli proposti, confermando la loro applicabilità nello studio strutturale e di stabilità di queste proteine e in prospettiva per il controllo di qualità di farmaci biologici.
Caratterizzazione chimica di proteine terapeutiche
GUERRIERO, MELANIA
2024/2025
Abstract
The growing use of biological drugs makes the development of reliable and reproducible analytical protocols for their physicochemical characterization increasingly essential. In this Thesis work, conducted in collaboration with a company in the field, Mérieux NutriSciences Italia, several experimental approaches were developed and validated on two proteins: recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) and the monoclonal antibody NISTmAb RM 8671, used as a reference material in the biopharmaceutical field. A literature review was initially conducted to identify the most appropriate protocols for the characterization of therapeutic proteins. These methods were then adapted and applied to the two selected samples to evaluate their efficacy and reproducibility. The aim of the project was to verify how well the developed methods accurately described the molecular characteristics of the analyzed proteins, comparing the experimental results obtained with those reported in the literature. Recombinant human erythropoietin is a therapeutic protein used in the treatment of various forms of anemia. It exhibits several post-translational modifications, among which glycosylation is the most important, as it plays an essential role in defining its three-dimensional structure and, consequently, its biological activity in vivo. The analyses were performed on a sample of rhEPO produced in HEK293 cells. The investigations included establishing an N-deglycosylation protocol for rhEPO with PNGase-F coupled with SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) to evaluate the distribution of the glycosylated protein forms. The intact mass of the N-deglycosylated rhEPO was also determined by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Lastly, LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry) analyses performed on the tryptic digests of the rhEPO gel bands allowed confirmation of the protein’s identity and glycosylation sites. The monoclonal antibody NISTmAb RM 8671, unlike rhEPO, is not a biological drug and was used to develop analytical methods applicable to the characterization of monoclonal antibodies. In fact, the literature reports analytical protocols validated by reference organizations such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the United States, developed on this standard antibody. Through LC-MS and LC-MS/MS analyses of NISTmAb under reducing and non-reducing conditions, it was possible to confirm the identity of the protein and obtain information on the primary structure of the heavy and light chains, the glycosylation pattern, and other chemical modifications present. A characterization of the NISTmAb Fab fragment, a homogeneous, non-glycosylated portion of the protein obtained by papain digestion, was also performed. In the end, to obtain an overall assessment of the aggregation state of the NISTmAb sample, an analysis by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) was conducted. The DLS results showed that the sample was homogeneous, with sizes consistent with the values reported in the NIST protocols. The results obtained for rhEPO and NISTmAb demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed protocols, confirming their applicability to the structural and stability studies of these proteins and, in perspective, to the quality control of biological drugs.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
TESI Melania Guerriero .pdf
Accesso riservato
Dimensione
13.93 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
13.93 MB | Adobe PDF |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/102664