Introduction: Stroke is one of the most prevalent conditions worldwide, with significant repercussions on mobility, independence, and quality of life. Clinical and functional consequences affecting the lower limbs result in difficulties in walking and postural stability. Therefore, it is necessary to identify strategies aimed at the early recovery of motor skills, static and dynamic balance, and gait. Objective: The objective of this thesis is to analyze the state of the art in the scientific literature concerning the effectiveness of isokinetic exercise in post stroke rehabilitation of the lower limbs, with particular attention to outcomes related to balance and gait. Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted using major databases: PubMed, PEDro, Scopus, Cochrane Library, ResearchGate and Google Scholar. The search was carried out between January and April 2025. Eligibility criteria were defined according to the PICO model. The population included patients with stroke outcomes who had undergone lower limbs isokinetic exercise. A narrative review was performed, including studies with different levels of evidence. The selection process was conducted manually, without the use of software. The outcomes investigated in the studies were gait and balance. Results: Through database search, 464 articles were initially identified and, following the selection process, 8 studies were included. Most of the patients involved in these studies were in the chronic phase (more than six months after the event) at the time of participation. Isokinetic training was proposed, either alone or in combination with other therapeutic tools, in all studies with different execution modalities. In half of the articles, participants performed a conventional physiotherapy program alongside the investigated intervention. Isokinetic exercise showed improvements particularly in the spatiotemporal parameters of gait as well as in static and dynamic balance. Conclusions: Lower limbs isokinetic exercise in post-stroke patients is scarcely described in literature. This rehabilitative approach appears to be effective when included in a post-stroke rehabilitation program, either alone or integrated with other therapeutic tools. The present review demonstrates the effectiveness of isokinetic training on the investigated outcomes in post-stroke patients. In particular, it appears effective in improving complex abilities, such as the spatiotemporal parameters of gait and the static and dynamic components of balance, starting from simpler components such as strength.
Introduzione: L'ictus è una delle patologie prevalenti a livello mondiale con ripercussioni importanti su mobilità, autonomia e qualità di vita. Le conseguenze cliniche e funzionali a livello degli arti inferiori si traducono in difficoltà nella deambulazione e nella stabilità posturale. Vi è quindi necessità di individuare strategie volte al precoce recupero delle abilità motorie, dell'equilibrio statico e dinamico e del cammino. Obiettivo: L’obiettivo del presente lavoro di tesi è analizzare lo stato dell’arte della letteratura scientifica per quanto riguarda l’efficacia dell'esercizio isocinetico nella riabilitazione post-ictus degli arti inferiori, con particolare attenzione agli outcome relativi all'equilibrio e al cammino. Materiali e metodi: È stata condotta una revisione della letteratura all'interno delle principali banche dati: PubMed, PEDro, Scopus, Cochrane Library, ResearchGate e Google Scholar. La ricerca è stata svolta da gennaio ad aprile 2025. I criteri di eleggibilità sono stati definiti secondo il modello PICO. La popolazione inclusa ha compreso pazienti con esiti di ictus a cui fosse stato somministrato l'esercizio isocinetico degli arti inferiori. È stata condotta una revisione narrativa includendo vari livelli di evidenza degli studi. Il processo di selezione degli articoli è stato svolto manualmente, senza l’utilizzo di programmi informatici. Gli outcome ricercati all’interno degli studi sono stati il cammino e l’equilibrio. Risultati: Sono stati identificati, attraverso la ricerca sui database, 464 articoli, dai quali, a seguito del processo di selezione, sono stati ricavati 8 studi. La maggior parte dei pazienti coinvolti negli studi si trovava in fase cronica (oltre sei mesi dall’evento) quando hanno partecipato allo studio. L’allenamento isocinetico è stato proposto, da solo o in combinazione con altri strumenti terapeutici, in ogni studio con diverse modalità di esecuzione. Nella metà degli articoli i partecipanti svolgevano un programma di fisioterapia convenzionale insieme all’intervento indagato. L’esercizio isocinetico ha registrato miglioramenti in particolare nei parametri spazio-temporali del cammino oltre che nell’equilibrio statico e dinamico. Conclusioni: L’esercizio isocinetico degli arti inferiori nei pazienti post-ictus è poco descritto in letteratura. Questo approccio riabilitativo risulta essere efficace se inserito in un programma riabilitativo post-ictus da solo o integrato con altri strumenti terapeutici. La presente revisione dimostra l’efficacia di un allenamento isocinetico per gli outcome indagati nei pazienti post-ictus. In particolare, risulta essere efficace nel migliorare abilità complesse, come i parametri spazio-temporali del cammino e le componenti statiche e dinamiche dell’equilibrio, a partire da componenti semplici come la forza.
Gli effetti dell'esercizio isocinetico degli arti inferiori sull'equilibrio e sul cammino nella riabilitazione post-ictus: revisione narrativa della letteratura.
PIZZUTTI, GIANLUCA
2024/2025
Abstract
Introduction: Stroke is one of the most prevalent conditions worldwide, with significant repercussions on mobility, independence, and quality of life. Clinical and functional consequences affecting the lower limbs result in difficulties in walking and postural stability. Therefore, it is necessary to identify strategies aimed at the early recovery of motor skills, static and dynamic balance, and gait. Objective: The objective of this thesis is to analyze the state of the art in the scientific literature concerning the effectiveness of isokinetic exercise in post stroke rehabilitation of the lower limbs, with particular attention to outcomes related to balance and gait. Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted using major databases: PubMed, PEDro, Scopus, Cochrane Library, ResearchGate and Google Scholar. The search was carried out between January and April 2025. Eligibility criteria were defined according to the PICO model. The population included patients with stroke outcomes who had undergone lower limbs isokinetic exercise. A narrative review was performed, including studies with different levels of evidence. The selection process was conducted manually, without the use of software. The outcomes investigated in the studies were gait and balance. Results: Through database search, 464 articles were initially identified and, following the selection process, 8 studies were included. Most of the patients involved in these studies were in the chronic phase (more than six months after the event) at the time of participation. Isokinetic training was proposed, either alone or in combination with other therapeutic tools, in all studies with different execution modalities. In half of the articles, participants performed a conventional physiotherapy program alongside the investigated intervention. Isokinetic exercise showed improvements particularly in the spatiotemporal parameters of gait as well as in static and dynamic balance. Conclusions: Lower limbs isokinetic exercise in post-stroke patients is scarcely described in literature. This rehabilitative approach appears to be effective when included in a post-stroke rehabilitation program, either alone or integrated with other therapeutic tools. The present review demonstrates the effectiveness of isokinetic training on the investigated outcomes in post-stroke patients. In particular, it appears effective in improving complex abilities, such as the spatiotemporal parameters of gait and the static and dynamic components of balance, starting from simpler components such as strength.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/102925