This thesis analyzes the critical role and vulnerabilities of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in contemporary conflict contexts, with a specific focus on funding dynamics and narrative fundraising strategies. Building on the theoretical framework outlined by Mark Duffield on "subcontracting," the study highlights how humanitarian aid is not neutral but is often instrumentalized by the West to indirectly control crisis areas. The comparative analysis of the conflicts in Ukraine and Syria demonstrates the existence of a profound asymmetry in the allocation of funds, driven not by needs but by geopolitical interests and differentiated media narratives. Arising from the necessity for neutral funding, a structural critique of the humanitarian system emerges, characterized by excessive bureaucratization that marginalizes local actors in favor of large international organizations and hinders capacity-building processes by prioritizing short-term projects. Through Resource Dependence Theory, the tension between operational autonomy and financial dependence is explored, showing how this dynamic limits the advocacy capacity of NGOs in a process of “depoliticization.” The analysis of the critical issues and the impact of different funding sources (international, public, private, self-funding) on NGO autonomy highlights that, while states use “securitization” mechanisms and the threat of withdrawing funds to limit the political activity of NGOs, the rise of philanthrocapitalism risks imposing market logics that obscure the systemic causes of crises. In this context, diversification is proposed as a potential solution. The study then focuses on narrative fundraising strategies in highly polarized contexts, such as Gaza. It analyzes how the interaction between the construction of legitimacy (Ethos), emotional activation (Pathos), and political mobilization (Logos) is fundamental for the 'fabrication of consent,' while simultaneously raising ethical concerns related to the commodification of victims. Finally, an exploratory experiment is proposed that applies Moral Reframing to a hypothetical humanitarian appeal: by leveraging the “binding” moral foundations typical of conservatives (loyalty, authority, and purity), the research tests whether it is possible to increase the propensity to donate toward politically divisive causes, such as the Palestinian one, even among a right-wing (Italian) pro-Israel audience.
Questa tesi analizza il ruolo critico e le vulnerabilità delle Organizzazioni Non Governative (ONG) nei contesti di conflitto contemporanei, con particolare attenzione alle dinamiche di finanziamento e alle strategie narrative di raccolta fondi. Partendo dal quadro teorico delineato da Mark Duffield sul "subcontracting", lo studio evidenzia come gli aiuti umanitari non siano neutrali, ma spesso strumentalizzati dall’Occidente per controllare indirettamente le aree di crisi. L'analisi comparata dei conflitti in Ucraina e Siria dimostra l’esistenza di una profonda asimmetria nell’allocazione dei fondi, non guidata dai bisogni ma da interessi geopolitici e narrative mediatiche differenziate. Dalla necessità di finanziamenti neutrali, emerge una critica strutturale al sistema umanitario, caratterizzato da un’eccessiva burocratizzazione che marginalizza gli attori locali a favore delle grandi organizzazioni internazionali e ostacola processi di capacity building, privilegiando progetti a breve termine. Attraverso la Resource Dependence Theory viene esplorata la tensione tra autonomia operativa e dipendenza finanziaria, mostrando come tale dinamica limiti la capacità di advocacy delle ONG, in un processo di “depoliticizzazione”. L’analisi delle criticità e dell’impatto delle diverse fonti di finanziamento (internazionali, pubblici, da privati, autofinanziamento) sull'autonomia delle ONG, evidenzia che, se da un lato gli stati utilizzano meccanismi di “securitizzazione” e minaccia di ritiro dei fondi per limitare l’attività politica delle ONG, dall’altro, l’ascesa del filantrocapitalismo rischia di imporre logiche di mercato che oscurano le cause sistemiche delle crisi. In questo ambito, viene proposta la diversificazione come potenziale soluzione. Lo studio si focalizza poi sulle strategie narrative di raccolta fondi in contesti altamente polarizzati, come quello di Gaza. Viene analizzato come l'interazione tra la costruzione di legittimità (Ethos), l'attivazione emotiva (Pathos) e la mobilitazione politica (Logos) sia fondamentale per la “fabbricazione del consenso”, pur sollevando criticità etiche legate alla mercificazione delle vittime. Infine, si propone un esperimento esplorativo che applica il Moral Reframing a un ipotetico appello umanitario: facendo leva sui fondamenti morali “vincolanti”' tipici dei conservatori (lealtà, autorità e purezza) la ricerca verifica se sia possibile incrementare la propensione a donare verso cause politicamente divisive come quella palestinese anche in un pubblico di destra (italiano) pro-Israele.
ONG: contesti di conflitto, finanziamenti non neutrali, strategie di raccolta fondi e moral reframing pro-Palestina
CIANCARINI, LETIZIA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis analyzes the critical role and vulnerabilities of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in contemporary conflict contexts, with a specific focus on funding dynamics and narrative fundraising strategies. Building on the theoretical framework outlined by Mark Duffield on "subcontracting," the study highlights how humanitarian aid is not neutral but is often instrumentalized by the West to indirectly control crisis areas. The comparative analysis of the conflicts in Ukraine and Syria demonstrates the existence of a profound asymmetry in the allocation of funds, driven not by needs but by geopolitical interests and differentiated media narratives. Arising from the necessity for neutral funding, a structural critique of the humanitarian system emerges, characterized by excessive bureaucratization that marginalizes local actors in favor of large international organizations and hinders capacity-building processes by prioritizing short-term projects. Through Resource Dependence Theory, the tension between operational autonomy and financial dependence is explored, showing how this dynamic limits the advocacy capacity of NGOs in a process of “depoliticization.” The analysis of the critical issues and the impact of different funding sources (international, public, private, self-funding) on NGO autonomy highlights that, while states use “securitization” mechanisms and the threat of withdrawing funds to limit the political activity of NGOs, the rise of philanthrocapitalism risks imposing market logics that obscure the systemic causes of crises. In this context, diversification is proposed as a potential solution. The study then focuses on narrative fundraising strategies in highly polarized contexts, such as Gaza. It analyzes how the interaction between the construction of legitimacy (Ethos), emotional activation (Pathos), and political mobilization (Logos) is fundamental for the 'fabrication of consent,' while simultaneously raising ethical concerns related to the commodification of victims. Finally, an exploratory experiment is proposed that applies Moral Reframing to a hypothetical humanitarian appeal: by leveraging the “binding” moral foundations typical of conservatives (loyalty, authority, and purity), the research tests whether it is possible to increase the propensity to donate toward politically divisive causes, such as the Palestinian one, even among a right-wing (Italian) pro-Israel audience.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/104613