Enteric methane (CH₄) emissions represent one of the main sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs) associated with ruminant livestock farming, significantly contributing to the environmental impact of the animal husbandry sector. Methane is produced during the anaerobic ruminal fermentation process, in which the nutrients, mainly structural carbohydrates, are degraded by the ruminal microbiota, leading to the formation of hydrogen (H₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), which are subsequently converted into CH₄ by methanogenic Archaea. In addition to its environmental impact, methane production also represents an energy loss for the animal, estimated between 2% and 12% of the gross energy intake. The growing need to reduce the ecological footprint of livestock farming has led to the development and evaluation of nutritional strategies for the mitigation of enteric emissions. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the main dietary solutions available to reduce methane production in ruminants, examining their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, and sustainability in terms of productivity and economic feasibility. Several interventions classes were analyzed: (1) modification of the forage-to-concentrate ratio in the diet, aimed at increasing carbohydrate digestibility and consequently reducing H₂ production; (2) lipid supplementation, which acts both as an alternative energy source and as a direct inhibitor of methanogens; (3) the use of nutritional additives, including condensed tannins, essential oils, saponins, nitrates, and 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), with documented anti-methanogenic effects in various experiments; (4) the use of agro-industrial by-products, which can offer a dual benefit in terms of circular economy and reduction of methanogenic fermentation; (5) manipulation of the ruminal microbiome through the use of probiotics and prebiotics, aimed at promoting less methanogenic microbial populations. Particular attention was paid to balancing emission reduction with the maintenance of productive performance (growth, milk production, feed efficiency), as well as to the economic feasibility of the proposed strategies in real-world farming conditions. Data emerging from scientific literature show that nutritional approaches represent one of the most promising methods for reducing the environmental impact of the livestock sector, provided it is integrated into a holistic vision that also considers animal welfare, product quality, and supply chain sustainability. In conclusion, feeding strategies represent a valid technical and managerial tool for the mitigation of methane emissions in ruminants, with significant potential in terms of environmental, economic, and productive sustainability. However, further optimization of feed formulations and greater integration with other management and technological practices are required to maximize environmental benefits without compromising farm profitability.
Le emissioni di metano (CH₄) di origine enterica rappresentano una delle principali fonti di gas serra (GHGs) derivanti dall’allevamento dei ruminanti, contribuendo in modo significativo all’impatto ambientale del settore zootecnico. Il metano è prodotto durante il processo di fermentazione ruminale anaerobica, in cui i nutrienti, e in particolare i carboidrati strutturali, vengono degradati dalla microflora ruminale, con formazione di idrogeno (H₂) e anidride carbonica (CO₂), successivamente convertiti in CH₄ da microrganismi unicellulari denominati Archea. Oltre all’impatto ambientale, la produzione di metano rappresenta anche una perdita energetica per l’animale, stimata tra il 2 e il 12% dell’energia lorda ingerita. La crescente necessità di ridurre l’impronta ecologica dell’allevamento ha portato allo sviluppo e alla valutazione di strategie nutrizionali mirate alla mitigazione delle emissioni enteriche. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è analizzare le principali soluzioni dietetiche disponibili per ridurre la produzione di metano nei ruminanti, esaminando il loro meccanismo d’azione, l’efficacia, e la sostenibilità in termini produttivi ed economici. Sono state analizzate diverse classi di intervento: (1) la modifica del rapporto foraggio/concentrato nella dieta, con l’aumento della digeribilità dei carboidrati e la conseguente riduzione della produzione di H₂; (2) l’integrazione lipidica, che agisce sia come fonte energetica alternativa che come inibitore diretto dei metanogeni; (3) l’utilizzo di additivi nutrizionali, tra cui tannini condensati, oli essenziali, saponine, nitrati e il 3-nitroossipropanolo (3-NOP), con effetti antimetanogeni documentati in diverse sperimentazioni; (4) l’impiego di sottoprodotti agroindustriali, che possono offrire un duplice beneficio in termini di economia circolare e riduzione delle fermentazioni metanogeniche; (5) la manipolazione del microbioma ruminale attraverso l’uso di probiotici e prebiotici, volta a favorire popolazioni microbiche meno metanogene. Particolare attenzione è stata posta sul bilanciamento tra riduzione delle emissioni e mantenimento delle performance produttive (crescita, produzione di latte, efficienza alimentare), oltre che sulla fattibilità economica delle strategie proposte in contesti reali di allevamento. I dati emersi dalla letteratura scientifica mostrano che l’approccio nutrizionale rappresenta una delle vie più promettenti per contenere l’impatto ambientale del comparto zootecnico, purché integrato in una visione olistica che consideri anche il benessere animale, la qualità dei prodotti e la sostenibilità della filiera. In conclusione, le strategie alimentari rappresentano un valido strumento tecnico e gestionale per la mitigazione delle emissioni di metano nei ruminanti, con potenzialità significative in termini di sostenibilità ambientale, economica e produttiva. Tuttavia, è necessaria un’ulteriore ottimizzazione delle formulazioni alimentari e una maggiore integrazione con altre pratiche gestionali e tecnologiche per massimizzare i benefici ambientali senza compromettere la redditività degli allevamenti.
STRATEGIE NUTRIZIONALI PER LA RIDUZIONE DELLE EMISSIONI DI METANO NEI RUMINANTI: LO STATO ATTUALE DELLA RICERCA
CHIESURIN, DAVIDE
2025/2026
Abstract
Enteric methane (CH₄) emissions represent one of the main sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs) associated with ruminant livestock farming, significantly contributing to the environmental impact of the animal husbandry sector. Methane is produced during the anaerobic ruminal fermentation process, in which the nutrients, mainly structural carbohydrates, are degraded by the ruminal microbiota, leading to the formation of hydrogen (H₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), which are subsequently converted into CH₄ by methanogenic Archaea. In addition to its environmental impact, methane production also represents an energy loss for the animal, estimated between 2% and 12% of the gross energy intake. The growing need to reduce the ecological footprint of livestock farming has led to the development and evaluation of nutritional strategies for the mitigation of enteric emissions. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the main dietary solutions available to reduce methane production in ruminants, examining their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, and sustainability in terms of productivity and economic feasibility. Several interventions classes were analyzed: (1) modification of the forage-to-concentrate ratio in the diet, aimed at increasing carbohydrate digestibility and consequently reducing H₂ production; (2) lipid supplementation, which acts both as an alternative energy source and as a direct inhibitor of methanogens; (3) the use of nutritional additives, including condensed tannins, essential oils, saponins, nitrates, and 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), with documented anti-methanogenic effects in various experiments; (4) the use of agro-industrial by-products, which can offer a dual benefit in terms of circular economy and reduction of methanogenic fermentation; (5) manipulation of the ruminal microbiome through the use of probiotics and prebiotics, aimed at promoting less methanogenic microbial populations. Particular attention was paid to balancing emission reduction with the maintenance of productive performance (growth, milk production, feed efficiency), as well as to the economic feasibility of the proposed strategies in real-world farming conditions. Data emerging from scientific literature show that nutritional approaches represent one of the most promising methods for reducing the environmental impact of the livestock sector, provided it is integrated into a holistic vision that also considers animal welfare, product quality, and supply chain sustainability. In conclusion, feeding strategies represent a valid technical and managerial tool for the mitigation of methane emissions in ruminants, with significant potential in terms of environmental, economic, and productive sustainability. However, further optimization of feed formulations and greater integration with other management and technological practices are required to maximize environmental benefits without compromising farm profitability.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/105813