Corn is the most widely produced cereal in the world thanks to its high yield and remarkable versatility, which means it is widely used in countless sectors. The sector in which it plays a leading role is animal husbandry, where it is used as a staple food for livestock, especially in industrialized Countries. In addition to being used as feed, maize is well suited for industrial use in various areas, including starch extraction and processing, oil extraction, sweetener refining, distillation and biofuel production, while direct food use is more frequent in developing Countries. However, this crop is highly susceptible to biotic and abiotic adversities of various origins; one of particular concern is represented by afla-toxigenic fungi of the genus Aspergillus, especially Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. These fungi, belonging to the Ascomycetes division, are opportunistic soil saprophytes which, under conditions of environmental stress, prevail over other fungal pathogens and infect crops such as maize, taking advantage of the vulnerability of plants induced by heat and drought stress; climate, therefore, plays a key role. In such conditions, these fungi can synthesize aflatoxins, that are secondary metabolites known for their high toxicity (carcinogenicity) to humans and animals. There are various hypotheses regarding the ecological role of these toxins, but the most widely accepted one is that their biosynthesis is the means by which the fungus mitigates the oxidative stress present in its organism, which is induced by the host plant's defense substances and adverse environmental conditions. The economic consequences of aflatoxins are very important and difficult to predict, as these toxins have a wide-ranging effect on the agricultural, livestock, food and health sectors. Aflatoxin contamination in crops inevitably weighs heavily on the agri-food sector, threatening human and animal health, especially in the case of maize, whose high vulnerability to aflatoxigenic fungi, combined with its widespread use in food on a global scale, makes it one of the main paths of human and animal exposure to aflatoxins. For this reason, it is urgent to implement all strategies aimed at controlling contaminations in crops and derived products, starting with pre- and post-harvest prevention, through to the mitigation of contamination phenomena and the enactment of specific regulations.
Il mais è il cereale più prodotto al mondo e questo grazie alle elevate rese e l’ampio utilizzo in innumerevoli settori. Il settore in cui esso svolge un ruolo da protagonista è quello zootecnico, dove viene impiegato come alimento di base per gli animali da reddito, soprattutto nei Paesi sviluppati. Oltre a essere utilizzato come mangime, il mais si presta bene all’uso industriale in diversi ambiti, tra i quali risultano l’estrazione e la trasformazione dell’amido, l’estrazione dell’olio, la raffinazione di dolcificanti, la distillazione e la produzione di biocombustibili, mentre l’utilizzo alimentare diretto è maggiormente diffuso nei Paesi in via di sviluppo. Tuttavia, questa coltura risulta molto soggetta ad avversità biotiche che abiotiche di varia origine; una delle avversità che desta particolare preoccupazione è rappresentata dai funghi aflatossigeni del genere Aspergillus, specialmente Aspergillus flavus e Aspergillus parasiticus. Questi funghi, appartenenti alla divisione degli Ascomiceti, sono saprofiti del suolo opportunisti che, in condizioni di stress ambientale, prevalgono sugli altri patogeni fungini e infettano colture come il mais, approfittando della vulnerabilità delle piante indotta dallo stress termico e idrico; il clima, quindi, ricopre un ruolo chiave. In tale situazione, questi funghi possono sintetizzare aflatossine, metaboliti secondari noti per la loro elevata pericolosità (cancerogenicità) nei confronti dell’uomo e degli animali. Varie sono le ipotesi riguardo l’utilità ecologica di queste tossine, ma quella più accreditata sostiene che la loro biosintesi sia il mezzo mediante il quale il fungo attenua lo stress ossidativo presente nel suo organismo, che è indotto dalle sostanze di difesa della pianta ospite e da condizioni ambientali avverse. Le ripercussioni economiche della contaminazione da aflatossine sono ingenti e difficilmente quantificabili poiché tali tossine hanno un effetto sui settori agricolo, zootecnico, alimentare e sanitario. Le contaminazioni da aflatossine nelle colture gravano inevitabilmente sul settore agroalimentare, minacciando la salute dell’uomo e degli animali. Il mais, che presenta un’elevata vulnerabilità ai funghi aflatossigeni ed è ampiamente utilizzato come alimento su scala globale, rappresenta una delle principali vie di esposizione umana e animale alle aflatossine. Per tale motivo, risulta urgente l’attuazione di tutte quelle strategie di controllo delle contaminazioni nelle colture e nei prodotti che ne derivano, partendo dalla prevenzione nel pre- e post-raccolta fino ad arrivare alla mitigazione della contaminazione e all’emanazione di normative specifiche.
La problematica delle aflatossine e strategie di controllo in mais
POVOLO, GIOSUÈ
2025/2026
Abstract
Corn is the most widely produced cereal in the world thanks to its high yield and remarkable versatility, which means it is widely used in countless sectors. The sector in which it plays a leading role is animal husbandry, where it is used as a staple food for livestock, especially in industrialized Countries. In addition to being used as feed, maize is well suited for industrial use in various areas, including starch extraction and processing, oil extraction, sweetener refining, distillation and biofuel production, while direct food use is more frequent in developing Countries. However, this crop is highly susceptible to biotic and abiotic adversities of various origins; one of particular concern is represented by afla-toxigenic fungi of the genus Aspergillus, especially Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. These fungi, belonging to the Ascomycetes division, are opportunistic soil saprophytes which, under conditions of environmental stress, prevail over other fungal pathogens and infect crops such as maize, taking advantage of the vulnerability of plants induced by heat and drought stress; climate, therefore, plays a key role. In such conditions, these fungi can synthesize aflatoxins, that are secondary metabolites known for their high toxicity (carcinogenicity) to humans and animals. There are various hypotheses regarding the ecological role of these toxins, but the most widely accepted one is that their biosynthesis is the means by which the fungus mitigates the oxidative stress present in its organism, which is induced by the host plant's defense substances and adverse environmental conditions. The economic consequences of aflatoxins are very important and difficult to predict, as these toxins have a wide-ranging effect on the agricultural, livestock, food and health sectors. Aflatoxin contamination in crops inevitably weighs heavily on the agri-food sector, threatening human and animal health, especially in the case of maize, whose high vulnerability to aflatoxigenic fungi, combined with its widespread use in food on a global scale, makes it one of the main paths of human and animal exposure to aflatoxins. For this reason, it is urgent to implement all strategies aimed at controlling contaminations in crops and derived products, starting with pre- and post-harvest prevention, through to the mitigation of contamination phenomena and the enactment of specific regulations.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/105836